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Hydroenergy Group 3
Hydroenergy Group 3
Presented by:
MARVIN V. BUENAVENTURA
EZEKIEL C. CACBAY
CHRISTIAN SACCUAN
FROMEL D. TACDERAN
MARK GIL A. VILLAFUERTE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the student will be able to:
IMPOUNDMENT
The most common type of hydroelectric power
plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment
facility, typically a large hydropower system,
uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir
. Water released from the reservoir flows through
a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a
generator to produce electricity. The water may
be released to meet changing electricity needs
or other needs, such as flood control, recreation,
fish passage, and other environmental and water
quality.eeds.
DIVERSION
A diversion, sometimes called a “run-
of-river” facility, channels a portion of
a river through a canal and/or a
penstock to utilize the natural decline
of the river bed elevation to produce
energy. A penstock is a closed conduit
that channels the flow of water to
turbines with water flow regulated by
gates, valves, and turbines. A
diversion may not require the use of a
dam.
PUMPED STORAGE
Another type of hydropower, called pumped storage hydropower, or PSH, works like a giant
battery. A PSH facility is able to store the electricity generated by other power sources, like
solar, wind, and nuclear, for later use. These facilities store energy by pumping water from a
reservoir at a lower elevation to a reservoir at a higher elevation.
When the demand for electricity is low, a PSH facility stores energy by pumping water
from the lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand,
the water is released back to the lower reservoir and turns a turbine, generating electricity.
SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Hydropower facilities range in size from large power plants, which
supply many consumers with electricity, to small and even ‘micro’
plants, which are operated by individuals for their own energy
needs or to sell power to utilities.
3. Micro Hydropower
A Micro hydropowerr can
1. Large Hydropower 2. Small Hydropower be one of the most simple
and consistent forms or
Although definitions vary, Although definitions vary, renewable energy on your
property. If you have water
DOE defines large DOE defines small
flowing through your
hydropower plants as hydropower plants as
property, you might consider
facilities that have a projects that generate building a small hydropower
capacity of more than 30 between 100 kilowatts and system to generate electricity.
megawatts (MW). 10 MW. Microhydropower systems
usually generate up to 100
kilowatts of electricity.
IV. THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Dam/Barrage
Head race tunnels/channels
Surge shaft/surge chambers
Pressure shaft/Penstock
Underground and surface power house
Tailrace channel or tailrace tunnel.
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Dam/Barrage
Dam Barrage
A dam is a large, solid structure that is built across a A barrage is a type of dam-like structure that is built
river or other body of water. Its main purpose is to across a river or other body of water. Its main purpose
hold back the water and create a reservoir, which is to control the flow of water and regulate its level,
can be used for irrigation, hydroelectric power rather than to hold back the water and create a
generation, or flood control. Dams are typically reservoir. Barrages are usually made of concrete, steel,
made of concrete or earth, and are designed to be or earth, and are designed to be able to open and close
strong enough to withstand the force of the water. to allow water to flow through them.
Head race tunnels/channels
The headrace conduit, conveys the water from the reservoir to
the turbine. The conduit can be a channel, flume, penstock,
tunnel, or combinations of these. The length of the headrace
can vary from a few meters to several kilometers.
Surge shaft/surge chambers
In hydropower, a surge chamber is a large pressurized underground
chamber creating a free surface in the waterway to improve the dynamic
abilities of the power plant waterways. It is generally used for long waterways
when a surge shaft can not be created to fulfill the same purpose.
Pressure shaft/Penstock
- Penstocks are pipes or long channels that carry water down from the hydroelectric reservoir
to the turbines inside the actual power station. Generally, they are made of steel and water under
high pressure flows through the penstock.
Pros Cons
Benefits of Hydropower:
Hydropower is a renewable source of energy. The energy generated
through hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun,
making it renewable.
Benefits
Hydropower is an established industry in
the United States, employing 66,500
people. And there are a growing number of Benefits
jobs available in hydropower, including Hydropower creates jobs in
manufacturing, utilities, professional and rural locations and boosts
business services, construction, trade and local economies.
transportation, energy systems, water
management, environmental science,
welding, machinery, and other services.
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Dam Volume Calculations
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Below is a list of algorithms used to measure the fields for Dam Volume
RECTANGLE/SQUARE DAM
The algorithm to calculate the dam volume:
Batter slope = 3
d = Depth
Lt = Top length
Lb = Bottom length
Bottom length = Top length - (2 x Depth x Batter Slope)
Wt = Top width
Wb = Bottom width
Bottom width = Top width - (2 x Depth x Batter Slope)
Volume = ((Lt x Wt) + (Lb x Wb) + ((Lt + Lb) x (Wt + Wb))) divided by 6000 x
((Top length x Top width) + (Bottom length x Bottom width) + (( Top length + Bottom length) x (Top width + Bottom
width))) / 6000 x depth
The to calculate the surface area:
l = Length Top
w = Width Top
surface area = (l x w)
(Length x Width)
CIRCULAR DAM
The algorithm to calculate the dam volume:
Batter slope = 3
Rt = Top radius
Rb = Base radius
Base radius = Top radius - (2 x Depth x Batter Slope)
d = Depth
π = Pi (3.14159)
Volume = (ΠRt2 + ΠRb2 + (Π(Rt+Rb)2)) divided by 6000 x d
((Pi x (Top radius)2) + (Pi x (Base radius)2) + (Pi x (Top radius + Base radius)2)) / 6000 x depthCIRCULAR DAM
The algorithm to calculate the dam volume:
Batter slope = 3
Rt = Top radius
Rb = Base radius
Base radius = Top radius - (2 x Depth x Batter Slope)
d = Depth
π = Pi (3.14159)
Volume = (ΠRt2 + ΠRb2 + (Π(Rt+Rb)2)) divided by 6000 x d
((Pi x (Top radius)2) + (Pi x (Base radius)2) + (Pi x (Top radius + Base radius)2)) / 6000 x depth
GULLY DAM
The algorithm to calculate the surface area:
l = Length Top
w = Width Top
surface area = (0.5 x l x w)
(0.5 x Length x Width)
The algorithm to calculate the dam volume:
Batter slope = 3
A = surface area of water body when full (m2)
dm = Maximum depth of water
Volume = (dm x A x 0.4) divided by 1000
(Depth x Area x 0.4) / 1000
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
The algorithm to calculate the evaporative losses requires information from the annual evaporation (mm) Rainfall data
grid can be found here:
ae = Annual Evaporation
a = Surface Area
Evaporative losses = (ae x a x 0.67) divided by 1000000
(Annual Evaporation x Area x 0.67) / 1000000
SEEPAGE LOSSES
The algorithm to calculate the seepage losses:
dv = Dam volume
Seepage losses = (dv x 0.1)
(Dam volume x 0.1
RAIN ON DAM SURFACE
The algorithm to calculate the rain on dam surfaces requires information from the annual rainfall (mm). Rainfall data
grid can be found here: