Introduction to Operating System (OS)

?What is an Operating System

• Computer System = Hardware + Software
• Software = Application Software + System Software(OS)
• An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
• Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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 The Structure of Computer Systems
 Accessing computer resources is divided into layers.
 Each layer is isolated and only interacts directly with the layer below or
above it.
 If we install a new hardware device
 No need to change anything about the user/applications.
 However, you do need to make changes to the operating system.
 You need to install the device drivers that the operating system will
use to control the new device.
 If we install a new software application
 No need to make any changes to your hardware.
 But we need to make sure the application is supported by the operating
system
 user will need to learn how to use the new application.
 If we change the operating system
 Need to make sure that both applications and hardware will compatible
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 Computer Architecture

Special busses (roads) connecting

all input/output devices to
motherboard.
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 CPU – Central Processing Unit
 This is the brain of your computer.
 It performs all of the calculations.
 In order to do its job, the CPU needs commands to perform, and data to
work with.
 The instructions and data travel to and from the CPU on the system bus.
 The operating system provides rules for how that information gets back
and
forth, and how it will be used by the CPU.

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 RAM – Random Access Memory
 This is like a desk, or a workspace, where your computer temporarily stores all of
the information (data) and instructions (software or program code) that it is
currently using.
 Each RAM chip contains millions of address spaces.
 Each address space is the same size, and has its own unique identifying number
(address).
 The operating system provides the rules for using these memory spaces, and
controls storage and retrieval of information from RAM.
 Device drivers for RAM chips are included with the operating system.

Problem: If RAM needs an operating system to work, and an operating system needs
RAM in order to work, how does your computer activate its RAM to load the
operating system?
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 Starting an Operating System(Booting)

 Power On Switch sends electricity to the  BIOS will then look for a small sector at the very beginning of your
motherboard on a wire called the Voltage Good primary hard disk called MBR.
line.  The MBR contains a list, or map, of all of the partitions on your
 If the power supply is good, then the BIOS computer‘s hard disk (or disks).
(Basic Input/Output System) chip takes over.  After the MBR is found the Bootstrap Loader follows basic instructions
 In Real Mode, CPU is only capable of using for starting up the rest of the computer, including the operating system.
approximately 1 MB of memory built into the  In Early Kernel Initialization stage, a smaller core of the Kernel is
motherboard. activated.
 The BIOS will do a Power-On Self Test (POST)  This core includes the device drivers needed to use computer‘s RAM
7 to make sure that all hardware are working. chips.
 BIOS
• BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM/EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory) chip known as firmware on the PC motherboard.
• BIOS can be accessed during the initial phases of the boot procedure by
pressing del, F2 or F10.
• Finally, the firmware code cycles through all storage devices and looks for
a boot-loader. (usually located in first sector of a disk which is 512 bytes)
• If the boot-loader is found, then the firmware hands over control of the
computer to it.

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 UEFI
• UEFI stands for Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. It does the same job as a BIOS,
but with one basic difference: it stores all data about initialization and startup in an .efi
file, instead of storing it on the firmware.
• This .efi file is stored on a special partition called EFI System Partition (ESP) on the
hard disk. This ESP partition also contains the bootloader.
• UEFI was designed to overcome many limitations of the old BIOS, including:
 UEFI supports drive sizes upto 9 zettabytes, whereas BIOS only supports 2.2 terabytes.
 UEFI provides faster boot time.
 UEFI has discrete driver support, while BIOS has drive support stored in its ROM, so updating BIOS
firmware is a bit difficult.
 UEFI offers security like "Secure Boot", which prevents the computer from booting from
unauthorized/unsigned applications. This helps in preventing rootkits.
 UEFI runs in 32bit or 64bit mode, whereas BIOS runs in 16bit mode. So UEFI is able to provide a
GUI (navigation with mouse) as opposed to BIOS which allows navigation only using the keyboard.
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 Functions of Operating System

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 Command-line interface .1
• In a command-line interface, a user types commands
represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses
special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions

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 Graphical User Interface .2
• With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with
menus and visual images

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 History of Operating System
 The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to control
the machine’s basic functions.
 The Second Generation (1955-1965)
 First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
 The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS
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 Popular types of OS
• Desktop Class
 Windows
 OS X
 Unix/Linux
 Chrome OS
• Server Class
 Windows Server
 Mac OS X Server
 Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
 Android
 iOS
 Windows Phone
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 Microsoft Windows
• The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-platform desktop
and notebook computers.
• Best known, greatest selection of applications available.
• Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10.

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 Mac OS
• User-friendly, runs on Mac hardware. Many applications available.
• Current editions include: Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina & Big Sur—Version
XI(Released in Nov 2020)

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 Linux
• Linux: An open-source, cross-platform operating system that runs on
desktops, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones.
– The name Linux is a combination Linus (the first name of
the first developer) and UNIX (another operating system.
• Users are free to modify the code, improve it, and redistribute it,
• Developers are not allowed to charge money for the Linux kernel itself
(the main part of the operating system), but they can charge money for
distributions (distros for short).

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 Google Chrome OS
• Chrome OS. Is a popular thin client operating system.
• Thin client A computer with minimal hardware, designed for a specific task.
For example, a thin web client is designed for using the Internet.

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 Server Operating Systems
• Windows Server
– Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with Windows
• UNIX
– Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large user
community, stable
• Linux
– Free, customizable, many free services and utilities available

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 Windows Server

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 UNIX

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 Tablet and Phone Operating Systems
• System-on-chip (SoC): An operating system that comes preinstalled on a
chip on a portable device such as a smartphone.
• Popular SoC operating systems:
 iOS: for iPad, iPhone
 Android: for a variety of tablets and phones
• Downloadable applications (apps) from an App store, for example:
 Apple App Store
 Google Play Store

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 iOS on the iPhone and iPad
• The Apple-created operating system for Apple tablets and phones.
• The current stable version, iOS 14, was released to the public on September
16, 2020.

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 Android
• Android, a popular OS for smartphones and tablets, is
based on Linux Kernel.
– Developed by Google
• Current versions include:
– Android 8 Oreo
– Android 9 Pie
– Android 10
– Android 11 (released on Sep, 2020)

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