13 Ionicnotes Mod

IONIC BONDING
An electrical attraction between two

oppositely charged atoms or groups of
atoms.
Happens when an atom of a nonmetal
takes one or more electrons
from an atom of a metal
so both atoms end up with
eight valence electrons
The Octet Rule
• The octet rule says
that atoms can
become stable by
having eight electrons
in their outer energy
level, as shown in the
noble gas, Neon, (or
two electrons in the
case of some of the
smallest atoms).
Electron Dots For Cations
 Metals will have few valence electrons
 These will come off
Ca
Electron Dots For Cations
 Metals will have few valence electrons
 These will come off
 Forming positive ions
Ca 2+
Electron Dots For Anions
 Nonmetals will have many valence
electrons.
 They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.
P P 3-
IONIC COMPOUNDS
 metal with nonmetal

 + ion - ion
 Ca+ion anion
Predicting Oxidation
Number or Charge from
Periodic Table
Forming Cations
metals lose e- form cations oxidation #

 group 1A lose 1 +1 charge 1 +
 group 4A lose 4 +4 charge 4+
Forming Anions
Non-metals gain e- form anions oxidation #

 group 7A gain 1 -1 charge 1-
 group 6A gain 2 -2 charge 2 -
 group 5A gain 3 -3 charge 3 -
+1 0
+2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1
1
+3
3
+2
4
+1 +2
5
Oxidation Numbers
IONIC BONDING
Neutral atoms come near each

other.
Electron(s) are transferred from
the Metal atom to the Non-
metal atom.
They stick together because of
electrostatic forces, like
magnets.
Steps for writing ionic bond formulas
1. Determine the oxidation numbers for the
two elements or ions.
Ca = +2, Cl = -1
2. Write the chemical symbols in the correct
order, with the metal ion first and write the
oxidation numbers as superscripts.
Ca 2+ Cl -1
3. Crisscross the numbers only—not the
charge signs—writing the oxidation
number of one element as a subscript for
the other. Don’t write number 1 either.
Ca 2+ Cl 1-
Ca 1 Cl 2 Ca Cl2
4. Determine whether the formula is in its
simplest form. Reduce the subscripts to the
simplest from by dividing by a common
denominator.
Ca+2 O-2
Ca2 O2 = Ca2O2
CaO
5. Check the formula by calculating the total

positive and negative charges and confirming
that the total charge on the compound is zero.
CaCl 2
Oxidation Number Subscript
Calcium (+2) x (1) = +2
Chlorine (-) x (2) = -2

Practice these!
 magnesium and oxygen MgO

 aluminum and bromine AlBr3
 sodium and sulfur
Na2S
 potassium and nitrogen
K3N
More Practice!
 potassium bromide KBr

 calcium oxide CaO
 Silver fluoride AgF
Polyatomic ions
 Groups of atoms that stick together as a unit,
and have a charge
 PO43- phosphate
 CO32- carbonate
 C2H3O41- acetate
 Names often end in –ate or –ite
6. POLYATOMIC IONS ACT JUST LIKE
ANY OTHER NEGATIVE ION WHEN
BONDING
Treat polyatomic ion as single unit—don’t
change it in any way!
polyatomic ions are enclosed in parenthesis

if taken more than once in the formula.
A subscript outside the parenthesis
multiplies everything inside.
Practice
 potassium hydroxide KOH
 zinc (II) carbonate ZnCO3
 barium chlorate Ba(ClO3)2
 aluminum phosphate AlPO4

More Practice
 calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2) 2
 sodium nitrate NaNO3
 aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3
 ammonium phosphate (NH4)3 PO4

Naming Ionic Compounds
1. name cation - then anion
2. if anion (nonmetal) is a single element …..

then name ends in “-ide”
Naming Ionic Compounds
3. If metal have more than one possible charge
(include roman numeral in parenthesis to give
charge)*
*All metals except:

Ag+1, Zn+2, Cd+2, Al+3
Practice (no transitional
metals)
 Na2O Sodium oxide
 Mg(OH)2 Manganese (II) oxide
 Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate
 NH4Cl Ammonium chloride

Practice with transitional
metals
Hint: look at the subscript in the anion
to predict the metal oxidation number.
 Sn(ClO3)4 Tin(IV) chlorate
 Cu2CO3 Copper (I) carbonate
 Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide
 NiSO Nickel (II) sulfate

Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Crystalline structure.
 A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the
solid.
 Ions are strongly bonded.
 Structure is rigid.
 High melting points- because of strong forces
between ions.
Crystalline structure
The repeating unit is called the unit cell
3 dimension
Crystalline structure
The POSITIVE +
+
CATIONS stick - - -
- + + -
to the
NEGATIVE + - + - +
ANIONS, like a - + - +
magnet.
Ionic solids are brittle
+ - + -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
Ionic solids are brittle
 Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.
+ -
+ -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
Cubic
Body-Centered Cubic
Face-Centered Cubic
Do they Conduct?
 Conducting electricity is allowing charges to
move.
 In a solid, the ions are locked in place.
 Ionic solids are insulators.
 When melted, the ions can move around.
 Melted ionic compounds conduct.
 First get them to 800ºC.
 Dissolved in water they conduct.

13 Ionicnotes Mod

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

13 Ionicnotes Mod

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

13 Ionicnotes Mod

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IONIC BONDING

An electrical attraction between two

 Forming positive ions

 metal with nonmetal

metals lose e- form cations oxidation #

Non-metals gain e- form anions oxidation #

Neutral atoms come near each

5. Check the formula by calculating the total

Calcium (+2) x (1) = +2

Chlorine (-) x (2) = -2

 magnesium and oxygen MgO

 potassium bromide KBr

polyatomic ions are enclosed in parenthesis

 zinc (II) carbonate ZnCO3

 barium chlorate Ba(ClO3)2

 aluminum phosphate AlPO4

 sodium nitrate NaNO3

 aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3

 ammonium phosphate (NH4)3 PO4

2. if anion (nonmetal) is a single element …..

*All metals except:

 Mg(OH)2 Manganese (II) oxide

 Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate

 NH4Cl Ammonium chloride

 Cu2CO3 Copper (I) carbonate

 Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide

 NiSO Nickel (II) sulfate

 High melting points- because of strong forces

The repeating unit is called the unit cell

You might also like