1.

R A I O A N R T N – Tells a story
2. O P I R T N E C D S I - Presents mental images
3. O N N I E I D I F T – Provides meaning
4. T F A X I I E M I P O E L C N – Gives examples
5. C S L A I T I A N C S F O I – Categorize same items
6. I O C S R P M A O N NAD S O T C A T N R - Gives
similarities and differences
7. S EA C U DAN E F C E F T – Something happens as a
result
8. B R L P E O M - O L S T N U O I - Resolving
9. E S A P U O R I T N - Convincing
1. NARRATION
2. DESCRIPTION
3. DEFINITION
4. EXEMPLIFICATION
5. CLASSIFICATION
6. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
7. CAUSE AND EFFECT
8. PROBLEM - SOLUTION
9. PERSUASION
Pattens of Written
Texts
 Patterns are meant to
help readers follow ideas
easily and improve
understanding of the
text.
1. Narration
It tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical
sequence. It tells fictional and non-fictional events. Non-fictional
writing includes personal narratives, biographies and
autobiographies. Fictional writing examples are short stories, myths,
legends, and novels.

Some signal words for narration are before, meanwhile,

afterward, at the same time, to begin with, subsequently, and
previously.
Narration includes elements of storytelling such as:
a. Character
b. Setting
c. Conflict
d. Plot
e. Point of View
f. Theme
a. Character
It is the person, animal, object, or being who takes part in the action of a
story or a narrative.
Two common types:
1. Protagonist
2. Antagonist
Who are the
characters?
Who are the
characters?
b. Setting
It is the time and place
where the story or the
narrative takes place.
Where is the
story set?
 When and
where is the
story set?
c. Conflict
The struggle between two opposing forces.
Types:
1. Man vs Self 4. Man vs Society
2. Man vs Man 5. Man vs Nature
3. Man vs Technology 6. Man vs Supernatural
What is the
conflict?
What is the
conflict?
d. Plot
It is the sequence of events in a story or a narrative.
e. Point-of-View
The lens through which the story is being told.
Types:
1. First Person (I, we, me, us)
ex. The Hunger Games
2. Second Person (You, your)
3. Third Person (He, she, they, it, them)
ex. Harry Potter, Alice in Wonderland
f. Theme
It is the central meaning or idea in a story or a narrative.
Ex.
Friendship, death, love, luck, good and evil,
What is the
theme?
2. Description
It creates mental images among the readers. It requires
careful attention to details because it involves showing and not
telling. The main idea of a descriptive paragraph is to provide an
impression about a subject. All sentences work together to present a
single, clear picture of a person, place, thing, event or idea using
sensory details.
Signal words commonly used in descriptive writing include describe, feature,
part, characteristics, for instance, such as, and to illustrate.
In Descriptive writing, one may use figurative language such as:

a. Simile – My love is like a red, red rose that’s newly sprung in June

b. Metaphor - All the world's a stage, and all the men and women
merely players.

c. Personification – The waves danced their way to the sand.

d. Oxymoron – It was a bittersweet reunion between friends.

e. Hyperbole – She cried a river when she first watched the movie.
Let’s try:

Time grabs you by the wrist, directs

you where to go.
Let’s try:

Love you to the moon and to Saturn

Let’s try:

Coz’ baby you’re a firework

Come and show them what you’re
worth
Make them go, “Oh, oh, oh!”
Let’s try:

My heart's a stereo
It beats for you, so listen close
Hear my thoughts in every note
Let’s try:

Parting is such sweet sorrow.

Let’s try:

I have died everyday waiting for you

Let’s try:

The highway won’t hold you tonight

The highway don’t know you’re alive
The highway don’t care if you’re all alone.
The highway won’t dry your tears
The highway don’t need you here
The highway don’t care if you’re coming
home
Let’s try:

I distinctly remember forgetting that.

 Examples:
The silver moon shone brightly against the night sky; its
reflection glittering on the still surface of the lake below. Fireflies
sparkled around me like stars fallen from the heavens-- their lights
twinkling in tandem with those of distant galaxies.
Crickets chirped softly as they scuttled across my path while
owls hooted in the distance. Everything felt peaceful and calm, as
if time had stopped to admire this magical moment.
 My close friend’s name is Deniz; he is a very important
person to me. He is tall and has broad shoulders. He stands
like a hero protecting the person next to him. He has a fit
body, just like a statue. The features on his face look too
pronounced and he has a small nose. His dark green eyes
look harsh, like a dark forest. His lashes are like lined arrows.
He has neatly lined pearly teeth. When he smiles, he looks
like a little boy. Seeing him happy all the time is the biggest
thing I want.
 Yesterday I saw a plant in the corner of the park where I
was constantly walking. The plant was much taller than my
height, enough to touch the sky. Its body stood like a straight
pole, it was thin. It had light green leaves. It was the most
beautiful green I have ever seen, it was shining. Around, it
was trees whose leaves looked like the leaves of the tree I had
seen, but they were smaller. The tree I noticed stood in the
middle, like the leader of all of them, and was self-evident. It
was the most delicate and powerful plant I have ever seen in
my life.
 I saw the most beautiful bay I have ever seen in my life. As I
was descending from the mountain towards the sea, I suddenly looked
in front of me and saw the yellow sand like gold. The sun was right
overhead and it was very hot. The sands would almost catch fire. Then
the deep blue sea was merging with the sky. The sea was so clear that I
could see colorful fish swimming between my feet. This was the place
that fascinated me the most.
3. Definition
It gives the definition of a word, idea, or a concept.
Ways to define a word, term, or concept:

1. Formal or denotative – literal meaning found in the

dictionary

2. Informal or connotative – positive or negative

associations that a word carry with them

3. Etymological – provides the origin of the word

4. Theoretical- presents an explanation or illustration of the

meaning of the word
 A family is a socially defined set of relationships between at
least two people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. We
can think of a family as including several possible relationships, the
most common being between husband and wife, between parents and
children, and between people who are related to each other by birth
(siblings, for example) or by marriage (a woman and her mother-in-
law, perhaps). Family relationships are often defined by custom, such
as the relationship between an infant and godparents, or by law, such
as the adoption of a child.
4. Exemplification
Exemplification is a pattern of development in writing that
provides vivid and specific examples to add more information that
will support and solidify the main statement. Also, it makes the
general statement specific and easy to understand.
Exemplification is usually introduced by the expressions: for
example, for instance, such as, and take the case of. Verbs which
are used in this connection include: illustrate, clarify, and elucidate.
5. Classification
It establishes a main idea and discusses the subcategories of
that topic.

Some useful expressions for classification paragraphs are the

following: a kind of, a type of, be divided into, falls under, belongs
to, a part of, fits into, grouped with, related to, and associated with.
 A farmer who decides to concentrate on viable products can choose
from four general types of plants: edible, ornamental, raw-material, or shade.
Edible plants include grains like rice and corn, fruits like santol and mango,
vegetables such as pechay or cabbage, or spices like pepper. On the other
hand, ornamentals are all kinds of flowering and non-flowering plants used for
decoration and landscaping. There are also plants that provide raw materials
for other products. Examples of these types are rubber, palm, abaca, maguey,
and ramie. The coconut may also belong to this type although the fruit is
edible. The last are shade trees, grown primarily to reforest barren areas of
mountains. However, some of them are used as ornamentals. Ipil-ipil and
narra are the most common shade trees. All these types of plants can be grown
profitably, depending upon the soil and climate found in the area.
6. Comparison and Contrast
In making a comparison, similarities are emphasized. In
making a contrast, differences are pointed out. This technique in
developing a paragraph either compares features between two or
more persons, objects or concepts that are similar, or contrasts
features that are different. A paragraph can be developed by using
comparison and contrast or by using either one.
Two ways to organize comparison and contrast pattern of text:
1. Block Arrangement – discusses one subject then another
2. Point-by-Point Arrangement – discusses one aspect of a subject
then the other in the same paragraph
 Cows vs Whales
You may automatically assume that cows and whales do not
share anything in common, however they do. One of the ways
that they are similar is that both cows and whales are
considered a food source. It seems that cows and whales are
in the same situation in terms of they are both eaten by
humans, but there are also some major differences. First,
many cows are slaughtered everyday. On the other hand,
whales are now protected by a national law. Secondly, cows
are considered to be a normal source of food in many places
all over the world. However, whales are important edible
animals only in a few countries. Finally, the biggest difference
between cows and whales is that whales are free in the huge
ocean until caught by people, and cows are raised in fields to
be slaughtered for food.
7. Cause and Effect
This pattern of development establishes a relationship
between events. This type of text also uses chronological pattern;
giving importance to time and order. Cause refers to why an action
or condition took place while effect refers to the result of the cause.
Usually, the cause comes first, bringing about an effect or multiple
effects. But in some instances, it can be inverted. The effects are
discussed first before the cause/s.
 Like other modern inventions, computers have a
capacity for use and abuse, a potential for good and bad.
Computers allow people to fly safely and quickly across
continents, but they also make it possible to send missiles
from one country to another. Computers can speed credit
cards to us and help us use them with ease, but they can
also be used to compile records that invade a citizen’s
privacy. Computers serve as electronic tutors; pocket-size
electronic calculators can solve complicated problems
with amazing speed. However, the students who start
early to rely on calculators may see their own math
abilities remain underdeveloped. The same computers
that help administrators and accounts can ruin a
student’s class schedule or bill the wrong person for a
thousand dollars’ worth of merchandise.
8. Problem-Solution
This pattern of writing presents the problems and solutions to
the problems. There are two ways to structure this kind of writing.
First, is the block structure where all the problems are listed. Then
the solutions are given. Another is the chain structure where the
problem/s is given followed by the solution/s.
 The problem of drug abuse is rising in many countries. Billions of
dollars are spent internationally preventing drug use, treating addicts, and
fighting drug-related crime. Although drugs threaten many societies, their
effects can be combated successfully. Drug abuse causes multiple problems
for countries and communities. The medical and psychological effects are
very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal members of society. They
neglect or abuse their families, and eventually require expensive treatment
or hospitalization. The second effect is on crime. Huge police resources are
needed to fight smuggling and dealing. However, the menace of drugs can be
fought. Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at home and in
school about drugs. People need to be made aware of the effects so that they
can maybe avoid the problem. A second approach is to increase police
manpower and powers to stop dealers and to enforce the law. However, the
main target should be the user. Families and counselors need to talk to
people at risk. Jobs are also needed to give ex-addicts a new, positive role in
society. In conclusion, although the problem of drugs may seem impossible
to eliminate, there are concrete steps that can be taken to weaken the hold
of drugs on society.
9. Persuasion
Persuasive writing is also argumentative writing. In presenting
an argument, the goal is to persuade readers to agree with you. The
argument has to be supported by sound reasoning and solid
evidences such as facts, statistics, statements from experts, or even
personal experiences. In persuasion, you make use of logical,
emotional and ethical appeals to convince.
 We shouldn’t have homework. It takes away from family
time. You have to do homework instead of playing a family
board game or playing catch. You can’t go outside to play so you
will get fat. If you bring it home, you will rush through it so you
can play video games. We should do our work at school because
we have better equipment there. We should also do it at school
because we can’t ask our teacher questions when we do it at
home. It’s hard to concentrate when you could be outside playing
on a sunny day.
Choose the letter that give the purpose/description of each text
pattern.
Assignment:
Write a an essay using one the cause and
effect pattern. Use a yellow paper.

Topic: Effects of excessive use of gadgets

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