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In SQL Server, arithmetic operators also follow
the order of operations, or operator precedence, as
described earlier.
 The basic rules of operator precedence in SQL
Server are as follows:

1. Parentheses: expressions inside parentheses are

evaluated first.
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 Cont…
. Exponentiation: exponentiation is evaluated next.

3. Multiplication and division: multiplication and

division are evaluated next, from left to right.

4. Addition and subtraction:

Addition and subtraction are evaluated last,
from left to right.

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 For example, suppose you have the following expression:

 SELECT 2 + 3 * 4

 According to the order of operations, you should first multiply 3 by 4, and

then add the result to

2. Therefore, the result of the expression would be 14.

 If you want to change the order of operations, you can use parentheses to

group expressions together. For example, consider the following expression

 SELECT (2 + 3) * 4

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 In this case, the addition operation inside the parentheses is

evaluated first, giving

5. Then, the multiplication is evaluated, giving a final result of

 It's important to be mindful of operator precedence when writing

SQL queries, as it can affect the results of your queries.

 If you're unsure about the order of operations, you can always

use parentheses to explicitly group expressions together and

control the order of evaluation.

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It's important to be mindful of operator precedence

when writing SQL queries, as it can affect the results
of your queries.
 If you're unsure about the order of operations, you
can always use parentheses to explicitly group
expressions together and control the order of
evaluation.
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 Using string functions and operators to
obtain required query output
 here are a few examples of how to use string
functions and operators in SQL queries to obtain the
required output:
 Using the SUBSTR function to extract a portion of a
string:
 Suppose you have a table employees with a
column full_name containing full names of employees,
and you want to extract the first name of each employee.
 You can use the SUBSTR function along with
the INSTR function to achieve this

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 SELECT SUBSTR(full_name, 1, INSTR(full_name, ' ') - 1) AS

first_name FROM employees;

 n this example, the INSTR function returns the position of the

first space in the full_name column, and then

the SUBSTR function extracts the portion of the string before
the first space, which represents the first name.

 Using the CONCAT function to concatenate strings:

 Suppose you have a table customers with columns first_name

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 Suppose you have a table customers with

columns first_name and last_name, and you want to create a new

column that contains the full name of each customer.

 You can use the CONCAT function to achieve this:

 SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name FROM

customers;

 In this example, the CONCAT function concatenates

the first_name column, a space character, and the last_name column to

create a new column full_name.

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 Using the LIKE operator to search for a specific
pattern in a string:
 Suppose you have a table products with a
column product_name, and you want to find all
products that contain the word "chair" in their name.
 You can use the LIKE operator along with
the % wildcard character to achieve this:
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SELECT * FROM products WHERE
product_name LIKE '%chair%';
In this example, the LIKE operator with
the % wildcard character matches any string
that contains the word "chair" anywhere in
the product_name column.

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 Mathematical Functions In SQL
Queries To Obtain The Required Output
 how to use mathematical functions in SQL queries to obtain
the required output:
 Using the SUM function to calculate the sum of values in a
column:
 Suppose you have a table sales with a column sales_amount,
and you want to calculate the total sales amount. You can use
the SUM function to achieve this:

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 SELECT SUM(sales_amount) AS total_sales FROM sales;

 In this example, the SUM function adds up all the values in

the sales_amount column and returns the total as a single

value in a new column named total_sales.

 Using the AVG function to calculate the average of values

in a column:

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Suppose you have a table employees with a
column salary, and you want to calculate the
average salary of all employees.
You can use the AVG function to achieve this:

SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary

FROM employees;

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Using the MAX function to find the highest
value in a column:
Suppose you have a table products with a
column price, and you want to find the highest
price of all products.
 You can use the MAX function to achieve this:

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 In this example, the MAX function finds the highest value in

the price column and returns the result as a single value in a

new column named highest_price.

 These are just a few examples of how to use mathematical

functions in SQL queries.

 There are many other mathematical functions available in

SQL that can be used to perform a wide range of

calculations and obtain the required output.
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 use date functions in SQL queries to
obtain the required output:

Using the DATE function to format date values:

Suppose you have a table orders with a

column order_date containing date values in the
format yyyy-mm-dd, and you want to format the
date values to display only the year and month.
You can use the DATE function to achieve this:
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 SELECT DATE_FORMAT(order_date, '%Y-%m') AS
year_month FROM orders;

 In this example, the DATE_FORMAT function formats

the order_date column to display only the year and month in

the format yyyy-mm, and returns the result as a new column
named year_month.

 Using the DATEDIFF function to calculate the difference

between two dates:

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Suppose you have a table employees with
columns hire_date and termination_date, and you
want to calculate the number of days between the
two dates. You can use the DATEDIFF function to
achieve this:
SELECT DATEDIFF(termination_date, hire_date)
AS employment_duration FROM employees
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In this example, the DATEDIFF function
calculates the number of days between
the termination_date and hire_date columns, and
returns the result as a new column
named employment_duration.
Using the MONTH function to extract the month
from a date value:
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SELECT MONTH(order_date) AS order_month
FROM orders;
In this example, the MONTH function extracts
the month from each date value in
the order_date column, and returns the result as
a new column named order_month.

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These are just a few examples of how to use

date functions in SQL queries.
 There are many other date functions available
in SQL that can be used to perform a wide
range of calculations and obtain the required
output.
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