Therapeutic Modalities

Grace Lyn De Vivar, RCrim

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course covers the different therapeutic modalities,
treatment models, treatment programs, and policy or
program intervention for both in Institutional and non-
institutional corrections.
The forging of partnerships, involvement and
engagement of Government Agencies, Religious Sector,
Private Foundations, Institutions and Non-
Governmental Organizations focused on the
Detainee’s/Inmate’s/Person Deprived Liberty’s total
welfare and well-being.
 Therapeutic Modalities
1. BJMP – Therapeutic Modality Program
2. BUCOR- Therapeutic Center
3. PPA- Therapeutic Community
Corrections in Philippine Setting (Relevancy to Therapeutic Modality)

CORRECTIONS - is the fourth pillar of the Criminal Justice System composed

of two major and equally significant components:
1. Institution-Based Corrections (Institutional Corrections); and
2. Community-Based Corrections (Non-Institutional Corrections).
The three executive departments of the government. (Implementation)
1. DOJ - manages the national prisoners.
A. Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) - with a principal task of the rehabilitation of prisoners
so they can become useful members of society upon completion of their service of
sentence.
B. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) - recommends to the President the prisoners who
are qualified for parole, pardon or other forms of executive clemency in the form of
reprieve, commutation of sentence, conditional pardon and absolute pardon.
C. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - conducts post-sentence
investigation of petitioners for probation as referred by the courts, as well as pre-
parole/pre-executive clemency investigation to determine the suitability of the offender
to be reintegrated in the community instead of serving their sentence inside an institution
or prison; exercise general supervision over all parolees and probationers and promotes
the correction and rehabilitation of offenders outside the prison institution.
2. DILG - manages inmates who are undergoing investigation, awaiting or undergoing trial,
awaiting final judgment and those who are convicted by imprisonment of up to three (3)
years.
A. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) has jurisdiction over all municipal,
city and district jail national wide.
B. Provincial Local Government Unit operates all provincial jails.
C. Philippine National Police (PNP) likewise maintains detention facilities in its different
police stations nationwide.
3. DSWD - manages sentenced youth offenders
Rehabilitation According to the World Health Organization,
rehabilitation' is defined as a set of interventions designed to
optimize functioning and reduce disability in individuals with
health conditions in interaction with their environment. It is an
essential part of universal health coverage along with promotion
of good health, prevention of disease, treatment and palliative
care. It helps a child, adult or older person to be as independent
as possible in everyday activities and enables participation in
education, work, recreation and meaningful life roles such as
taking care of family.
 Principles of Therapeutic Modalities
• Rehabilitate
• Reformation
• Admission Procedure of Inmates
Therapeutic Modalities starts at 1956

BJMP- 1998
BUCOR- 2002
PPA- 200 BC
What is Therapeutic?
Social Learning Treatment
 Development of BJMP Therapeutic
Community Program
• The American Drug-Free Hierarchical Concept-
based TC
- It is a self-help movement for the treatment of
substance abusers: primarily using behavioral
modification techniques,
- It is based on self-help principles.
- Understating and compassion is combined with
discipline and hierarchy.
CONCEPT BASED TC HAS FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES:
I. COMMUNITY- Living together in a group showing responsible
concern and belonging is the main agent for therapeutic
change and social learning.
II. HIERARCHY- daily activities take place in a structured setting,
where people 'act as if they have no problems and where
'older' residents serve as role models.
III. CONFRONTATION- negative behavior, which interferes with the
community concepts, values and philosophy is confronted and
put to limit.
IV. SELF-HELP- the resident is the protagonist of his own treatment
process. Other group members can only act as a facilitator
The British Democratic Maxwell Jones-type TC –
It is a small face-to-face residential community using social analysis as its
main tool.
DEMOCRATIC TC HAS FOUR CENTRAL PRINCIPLES:
I. PERMISSIVENESS- Residents can freely express their thoughts and
emotions without any negative repercussions.
II. DEMOCRACY- All residents and staff members have equal chances
and opportunities to participate in the organization of the TC.
III. COMMUNALISM- face to face communication and free interaction to
create a feeling of sharing and belonging.
IV. REALITY TESTING- residents can be, and should be, continually
confronted with their own image as perceived by other clients and
staff members.
What is a Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL)?
The Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Republic Act No.
10575 or The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013, defined Person Deprived of
Liberty (PDL)a detainee, inmate, or prisoner, or other person under
confinement or custody in any other manner. The promotion of the general
welfare and safeguarding the basic rights of every prisoner incarcerated in the
national penitentiary by promoting and ensuring their reformation and social
reintegration, creating an environment conducive to rehabilitation.
Conceptions of Criminal Rehabilitation
There are five conceptions of rehabilitation of PDLs, they are based on its aim. They
are:

1. Rehabilitation as Anti-Recidivisms
Rehabilitation may share with incapacitation and specific deterrence the aim of
preventing people from committing future crimes, so its aim is not a distinctive
feature.
Rather, its distinctive feature lies in how it gets there, that is, in the means used to
achieve this end. Incapacitation seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism through
rendering it physically impossible, for example, by separating the offender from
potential victims, or killing the offender.
2. Rehabilitation as Harm-Reduction
rehabilitation just it is intended to prevent harmful Punishment can be
justified even when it does not have any general deterrent effects, because it
may rehabilitate the offender, that is, reduce the likelihood that the offender
will perform actions that 'either cause serious setbacks to well- being, or pose
a great risk of doing so. It aims at improving offenders' responsiveness to
prudential and moral reasons
3. Rehabilitation as Therapy
The aim of rehabilitation overlaps with those of clinical medicine specifically, given the
focus on mental illnesses and deficits, clinical psychiatry. As with standard medical
treatments, the aim of curing or ameliorating the deficit may be instrumental to the
further aim of benefitting the individual. However, other further aims are also
possible. These may include, for example, preventing re-offending, protecting the
public, or advancing the social good
4. Rehabilitation as Moral Improvement
Punishment is justified as a way to prevent wrongdoing insofar as it can teach
both wrongdoers and the public at large the moral reasons for choosing not
to perform an offense
5. Rehabilitation as Restoration
Rehabilitation is a matter of restoring the offender's social or moral standing in society
or his social or moral relations with others, or fostering the capacities needed for such
restoration. This could include social and vocational capacities as well as moral ones.
 Importance of Therapeutic Modalities
• Rehabilitation of the client
• Useful client upon admission in community
 (4) Aspects of Therapeutic Modalities
1. Behavioral Aspect
2. Intellectual Aspect
3. Vocational Aspect
4. Emotional Aspect
midterm
Therapeutic Modalities
“RA 7438”
Grace Lyn T. De Vivar, RCrim
(d) Any extrajudicial confession made by a person
arrested, detained or under custodial investigation
shall be in writing and signed by such person in the
presence of his counsel or in the latter's absence, upon
a valid waiver, and in the presence of any of the
parents, elder brothers and sisters, his spouse, the
municipal mayor, the municipal judge, district school
supervisor, or priest or minister of the gospel as chosen
by him; otherwise, such extrajudicial confession shall
be inadmissible as evidence in any proceeding.
Who are the immediate family?

The person’s immediate family shall include his or her spouse,

fiancé or fiancée, parent or child, brother or sister, grandparent
or grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece and guardian or
ward.
 “Mandela Rule”
• The Nelson Mandela Rules give guidance on
all aspects of prison management, from
admission and classification to the prohibition
of torture and limits on solitary confinement.
• There is guidance on healthcare, recruitment
and training of prison staff, as well as
disciplinary sanctions.
SUPER MAXIMUM PRISONERS
• special group of prisoners composed of
incorrigible, intractable and highly dangerous
persons who are source of constant
disturbances even in a maximum security
prison.
• orange color of uniform.
MAXIMUM PRISONERS –
• a group of prisoners whose escape could be
dangerous to the public or to the security of
the state
• their movements are restricted and they are
not allowed to work outside the institution but
rather assigned to industrial shops within the
prison compound.
• orange color of uniform.
MEDIUM PRISONERS (Camp Sampaguita)
• those who can be trusted in open conditions
and pose lesser danger than maximum
security prisoners in case they escape.
• Blue color of uniform
MINIMUM PRISONERS (Camp Bukang
Liwayway) - a group of prisoners who can be
reasonably trusted to serve sentence under
"open conditions.“
• a group of prisoners who can be trusted to
report to their work assignments without the
presence of guards.
• Brown color of uniform.
Pre-final term
1. Deterrence – A strategy of punishment
associated with the Classical School. Deterrence
can either be specific, punishing an individual so
that she won’t commit a crime again, or
general, punishing an individual to set an
example to society, so that others will not
commit the same crime.
For the Classical School, punishment was primarily
Justified in terms of general deterrence.
Felicific Calculus - calculating the degree or
amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely
to induce.
2. Incapacitation- A strategy of punishment
associated with positivist approaches to
criminology. Sick offenders are removed from
society (institutionalized or imprisoned) if they
cannot be cured and rehabilitated in order to
protect society from harm.
3. Rehabilitation- A strategy of punishment
associated with positivist approaches to
criminology. Offenders are understood to be
sick; the state attempts to cure them and
reintroduce them into society.
4. Retribution- A justification for punishment
that argues the guilty must be punished not, or
not only, for instrumental ends, but because
criminal actions simply deserve to be punished.
5. Restitution- This is a victim-oriented theory of
punishment. The goal is to repair, through state
authority, any hurt inflicted on the victim by the
offender.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
• Restorative Justice is a process through which
remorseful offenders accept responsibility for
their misconduct, particularly to their victims and
to the community.

(Thus, the restorative justice process is actively

participated in by the victim, the offender, and/or
any individual or community member affected by
the crime to resolve conflicts resulting from the
criminal offense, often with the help of a fair and
impartial third party. )
OUTCOMES OR INTERVENTIONS WHICH CAN BE
AGREED UPON DURING THE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
PROCESS?
A. Restitution (core of victim’s right) Restitution is a
process upon which the offender accepts
accountability for the financial and/or non-financial
losses he/she may have caused to the victim.
B. Community Work Service, whether imposed as a
condition of offender’s conditional liberty or integral
part of his treatment plan, should be purposely
motivated to make the offender realize that he/she
incurred an obligation to make things right.
OUTCOMES OR INTERVENTIONS WHICH CAN BE AGREED
UPON DURING THE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PROCESS?

• Mentoring and Intergenerational service ➔ caring for

other people: orphanages, street children, senior citizen
• Economic development = link directly with the business
project: cleaning downtown area, tree planting, recycling,
garbage and waste management
• Citizenship and Civic participation = peer counseling,
puppet shows that showcases values, sports participation.
(Sportmanship and healthy lifestyle.
• Helping the disadvantaged = enhances the self-esteem
(selfrespect) of the offender, assisting the handicapped,
tutor peers, visiting the sick in hospitals, visiting the aged
(senior) hospital, jail.
Retributive Justice is a theory of punishment
that when an offender breaks the law, justice
requires that they suffer in return, and that the
response to a crime is proportional to the
offence.
 PRISON JAIL
a penitentiary, an institution for the a place of confinement for those
imprisonment of persons convicted who are awaiting for trial or are
of major/serious crimes. those serving short sentences.
a place of confinement forThethose primarily
Difference between adult penal institution used
Jail and Prison
who are serving more than 3 years for the detention of law violators,
of imprisonment. which is administered by a province,
city and municipality.
is a confinement facility having The word Jail derived or originated
custodial authority over an individual from the Spanish word “Caula or
sentenced by a court to Jaula”, meaning cage.
imprisonment, which is administered
by a national government.
The word Prison derived or
originated from the Greco-Roman
“Presidio”.
BJMP Therapeutic Community Philosophy
According to the BJMP Therapeutic Community Modality Program
Manual this adage expresses the philosophy of therapeutic community,

I am here because there is no refuge, finally, from myself.

Until I confront myself in the eyes and hearts of others,
I am running.
Until I suffer them to share my secrets,
I have no safety from them. Afraid to be known,
I can know neither myself nor any other,
I will be alone.
Where else but in our common ground can I see such a mirror?
Here, together, I can at last appear clearly to myself
not as the giant of my dreams nor the dwarf of my fears, but
as a person, part of the whole, with my share in its purpose.
In this ground, I can take root and grow, not alone anymore,
as in death but alive to myself and to others.
Cardinal Rules in BJMP Therapeutic Community
According to the BJMP Therapeutic Community
Modality Program Manual, the following are the
primary rules in a therapeutic community:
1. No sex or sexual acting out
2. No drugs/ Alcohol
3. No violence or threat of violence
4. No stealing
BMP Therapeutic Community House
Rules Aside from the house rules indicated in the Inmate's
Manual, the following are the sample house rules in a
therapeutic community (BJMP)
1. No destruction of jail property;
2. Respect staff and status;
3. Follow directions without feedback;
4. No cigarette smoking;
5. No contraband;
6. No gambling;
7. Be on time in all activities;
8. Lights off at 10:00 PM;
9. No talking/laughing after lights off;
10. Maintain good grooming and hygiene;
11. No vandalism;
12. Be courteous to people;
13. Use the chain of command;
14. No talking /laughing during the Morning meeting and other
activities;
15. No lending or borrowing without permission; and
16. Respect other people's property.
Phases of BJMP Therapeutic Modality
The phasing of TCMP in the BJMP set up is quite unique in the sense that PDLs
are in custody while undergoing trial for their individual cases. Their length of
stay in the program is determined by how fast is the disposition of their cases.
The cases may be decided upon after a short period of time or may last for
years. It is important to note that although the different phases of treatment
are observed, it cannot be fully implemented or may not be followed as
scheduled due to the uniqueness of the status of the residents.

Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase

Once a PDL is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of examinations to
determine his physical, social and psychological status. Upon his commitment, a
resident is placed on orientation at the Reception and Diagnostic room/
Orientation Room. in here, he is acquainted with the TC program.

• The rules and norms of the community;

• TC concepts, written and unwritten philosophy:
• The staff and the members of the community;
• The tools of the house; and Job functions and TC hierarchy.
Phase II- Primary Treatment
After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and tools, the norms and
rules of the community and the staff members, the resident is now ready to
undergo the proper treatment. He becomes a part of the community starting as
a crew member of the Housekeeping department until he gradually ascends in
the hierarchy, He must be knowledgeable on the following:

• Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and concerns and
shape behavior;
• Managing own feelings and learning how to express oneself appropriately;
• Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community;
• Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the resident's need
for growth;
• Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the community and
develop insight in the process;
• Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life situations;
• Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him productive; and
Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other people's help in
shaping behavior.
Phase III- Pre Re-entry
Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at this stage
to have internalized the TC values and concept to start life afresh.
However, in the jail setting where entry and release are not within
the jail control, residents may not have reached this phase of
treatment before they even leave the jail facility.

• Rebuilding of social and family ties;

• Going up the ladder of hierarchy by showing leadership;
• Realization of his full potential to be a productive member of
society; and
• Mapping out of plans.
Phase IV-Re-entry
In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be
released back to society as he has demonstrated adequate self-
control and discipline. The inmate is now preparing for his life
outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen. He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family
ties and relationships.
In the jail setting, the residents will stay inside the jail until their
cases are resolved or they have been convicted and need to be
remanded to the Bureau of Corrections.
• Transition to life outside of jail;
• Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of TC;
• Learning positive coping skills to deal with day to day situations
• Re-establishing and strengthening family ties and support
groups;
• Reintegration into the mainstream of society; and
Phase V- Aftercare
Aftercare is an outpatient program, that requires clients to report twice
a week to an outreach center. They are required to attend group
sessions to ensure their adjustment to life outside jail to reduce
recidivism. For clients released from jail, referred to the Parole and
Probation Administration and Local Government Units for follow up and
aftercare. The clients are focused on the following:

• Maintaining positive behavior and prevent recidivism

• Strengthening coping mechanism
• Maintaining relationships and support mechanism
• Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood
• Integration into society
Functions of the Different Positions in the Hierarchy
The following are the positions or roles and their functions within the therapeutic community,
arranged from highest to lowest:

1. Coordinator
• A positive role model.
• Deals with the attitudes of the residents and acts as a member of the panel during the
haircut and addresses the resident in general meeting.
• The leader of a team assigned to oversee a specific department, kitchen department
• Responsible for reporting of job changes and recommends cutting off of learning experience
• Assigned as Coordinator on Duty of the day and delegates tasks to be covered for the day,
investigating and booking.
• Encourages residents to use behavior shaping tools, i.e., encounter slips, booking, etc.
• Responsible for overseeing that each team works efficiently. Supervises the overall functions
of the department in the TC Facility.
• Reports to staff any incident that is not in the boundaries of a resident to deal with.
• Carries out any given task that staff members assigned him or her
• In-charge to disseminate instructions given by the Director and staff through coordination
with co- coordinators.
• Serves as liaison between resident and staff.
2. Coordinator On Duty (not part of the whole hierarchical structure, each
coordinator take turns to become Coordinator of the Day)

• He/she is designated as Coordinator of the Day to conduct inspection in cells,

kitchen and other areas where residents are allowed together with the staff
on duty and the chief expediter.
• Delegates tasks to other coordinators.
• Under direct communication with the Chief Expediter.
• Must always be aware and record all the events, incidences of the day to the
logbook.
• Must have a direct link with Staff on Duty.
• Responsible for disseminating information coming from the Staff or Director.
• Evaluates or validates different incidences and seeks staff's acknowledgment.
3. Chief Expediter

• Responsible for managing the daily function and activities of

the community.
• Delegates other responsibilities to the Asst. Chief Expediter
and monitors every activity.
• Oversees the schedule of the day.
• Communicates with department heads in execution of job
functions.
• Communicates with Coordinator of the Day on an hourly
basis.
4. Assistant Chief Expediter

• Responsible for execution of directives from the chief

expediter.
• Supervises the activity inside the dormitories.
• Monitors overall function of the different departments
and reports to the chief all the incidences.
• Facilitates department head meetings in the absence of
the chief expediter, job changes and requests. (request
for phone calls)
5. Department Head

• Conducts departmental meetings before job function.

• Delegates specific tasks to team members and monitors individual conduct.
• Monitors participation of members to activities of the program (Morning
Meeting, Seminars and Group Sessions)
• Checks attendance and whereabouts of team members.
• Attends department heads pre-evaluation meetings regarding job change.
• Recommends grants or denies team members' in- house requests in the
department head meeting.
• Conducts post evaluation to residents regarding the result of their requests.
• Screens team members' requests.
6. Department Crew
Responsible for carrying-out tasks, duties and responsibilities of
their concerned departments.
Therapeutic Modalities
(Final)
Terms to Ponder
Mittimus- is a warrant issued by a court bearing it’s seal
and the signature of the judge directing the jail or prison
authorities to receive the convicted offender for service
of center.
Penology- deals with the treatment, management and
administration of inmates.
Sentenced Prisoners- those convicted by final judgment
and serving sentence.
Commutation of Sentence – an act of clemency by which
a heavier or longer sentence is reduced to a lighter or
shorter term.
- Refers to reduction of the duration of a prison sentence
and prerogative of the President
Probation – Is a disposition under which a
defendant after conviction and sentence, is
released subject to conditions imposed by the
court and under the supervision of a probation
officer. It is a privilege granted by the court to a
person convicted criminal offense to remain in
the community instead of actually going to
prison.
-provided by PD No. 986, The Probation Law of
1976
-Latin word Probare =To prove or To test
In 1841, John Augustus attended police court to
bail out “common drunkard “. The offender was
ordered to appear in court 3weeks later sentencing.
He returned to court as a sober man, accompanied
by Augustus. Because of this, Augustus was
recognized as the Father of Probation in U.S

-First Appointed Probation Officer Capt. Edward H.

Savage
Probation was first introduced in the Philippines
with the enactment of Act No. 4221 of the
Philippine Legislature on August 7, 1935. This law
created a Probation Office under the DOJ .

- Filed in the Congress by Teodulo C. Natividad

and Ramon D. Bagatsing
-considered as Father of Probation in the
Philippines Teodulo C. Natividad.
Application for Probation
The application shall be filed with the trial
court (same court) that tried and sentenced the
offender at any time after the conviction and
sentence but within fifteen (15) days after the
promulgation of judgment.

Validation (15days) - No appeal = Considered

Final End executory
 Probation Process
Petitioner
 Appeal
 Waive
 Probation

PPA Referral Application Form

Probation Same Court

Officer
Post- Sentence
Post- Sentence Investigation
Investigation Report
within

Granted = Denied Court Decision

Probation Order
Within days

Probationer
Parole
It is the conditional release of a prisoner from correctional institution after
serving the minimum period of prison sentence.
 Parole Process Step
1

30 Days before the expiration of the minimum sentence Director

Board of Pardons and Parole Carpeta

Step
2

Serve the remaining minimum of the sentence Formal Petition

Board of Pardons and Parole

Step
3
Board of
D Pardons and Disqualified Prison
Parole Qualified Referral
 Step
4

BPP Referral Parole and Probation Administration PP Officer

Pre-Parole Investigation Report Pre-Parole Investigation

Step
5
BPP En Banc Voting Granted Release Document Parolee
 Counseling Theories and
1. Humanistic Theories ItApproaches
• There are six major theoretical categories, they are (McAdams, 2022:
holds that people have within themselves all the
resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and that probléms
occur as a result of restricted or unavailable problem-solving resources
•Humanistic therapists care most about the present and helping their clients
achieve their highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on
negative behaviors, humanists believe in the goodness of all people and
emphasize a person's self-growth and self-actualization .
•This category includes:
• Client-centered Therapy It is also known as person-centered therapy or
Rogerian therapy, It is a non- directive form of talk therapy. In this approach,
the client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process, while the
therapist remains non-directive meaning they don't pass judgments on your
feelings or offer suggestions solutions or The Therapists strive to create the
conditions needed for their clients to change. This involves a therapeutic
environment that is conformable, non- judgmental, and empathetic .
• Gestalt Therapy It is a form of
psychotherapy that is centered on
increasing a person's awareness, freedom,
and self-direction. It focuses on the
present moment rather than past
experiences. It is based on the idea that
people are influenced by their present
environment .
•
• The word gestalt is a German term
that generally means "whole" or "form. " It
is an idea that views every individual as a
• 2. Cognitive Approach This counseling
theory focuses on how people's thinking
can change feelings and behaviors. It is
brief in nature and oriented toward
problem solving.
• It holds that people experience
psychological and emotional difficulties
when their thinking is out of sync with
reality. When this distorted or "faulty"
thinking is applied to problem-solving, the
result understandably leads to faulty
solutions. Cognitive counselors work to
challenge their clients' faulty thinking
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy It is a type of mindful psychotherapy
that helps a person to stay focused on the present moment and accept
thoughts and feelings without judgment. It aims to help the client to move
forward through difficult emotions so he/she can put their energy into
healing instead of dwelling on the negative.
• ACT therapists operate under a theory that suggests that increasing
acceptance can lead to increased psychological flexibility. The goal of ACT is
not to reduce the frequency or severity of unpleasant internal experiences
like upsetting cognitive distortions, emotions, or urges.
• 3. Psychoanalytic Approach It is also known as the historical perspective, and has
its roots with sigmund Freud, who believed there were unconscious forces that
drive behavior. The techniques he developed, such as free association dream
analysis» and transferences are still used by psychoanalysts today.
• -Dysfunctional thought
• This category includes:
• Adlerian Therapy It is also known as individual therapy, emphasizes the individual's
ability to bring about positive change in his or her own life . Adlerian therapy
consists of four stages: engagement, assessment, insight, and reorientation.
•Four Stages of Adlerian Therapy:
• Engagement. The client and therapist begin to establish the therapeutic
relationship. The relationship should consist of collaboration towards addressing
the client's problems.
• Assessment. The therapist works to learn more about the client's background,
including early memories and family dynamics. In this part of therapy, the therapist
attempts to understand how the client may have developed certain styles of
thinking that are no longer helpful or adaptive for them.
• Insight. The therapist offers an interpretation of the client's situation The therapist
suggests theories about how past experiences may have contributed to issues the
client is currently experiencing, importantly, the therapist leaves it up to the client
to decide whether these theories are accurate and useful .
• Reorientation. The therapist helps the client to develop new strategies that the
• Object Relations Therapy It is centered on
person's internal relationships with
others. The lifelong relationship skills of a
person are strongly rooted in his/her early
attachments with their parents, especially
his/ her mothers. Objects refer to people
or physical items that come to
symbolically represent either a person or
part of a person.
• 4. Constructionist Approach It holds that knowledge is merely an invented
understanding of actual events in the world or "construct" While actual events in the
world can trigger people's meaning-making processes, it is those meaning making
processes, rather than the events themselves, that determine how people think, feel
and behave.
• This category includes:
• Ericksonian Therapy It stresses the importance of the interactive therapeutic
relationship, the partnership and purposeful engagement of the inner resources and
experiential life of each and every individual.
• It holds that indirect suggestion could result in therapeutic behavioral change. He
preferred to converse with clients using metaphors, contradictions, symbols, and
antidotes to influence their behavior rather than direct orders
• Solution Focused Brief Therapy It is a strength-based approach to psychotherapy based
on solution- building rather than problem-solving. Unlike other forms of psychotherapy
that focus on present problems and past causes, SFBT concentrates on the client's
current circumstances and future hopes.
• 5. Systemic Approach It holds that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely
shaped by pressures exerted on people by the social systems within which
they live. Accordingly, individual thinking, feeling and behavior are best
understood when examined in relation to the role they play within a person's
family or other important social networks.
• This category includes:
• Structural Family Therapy It is a type of family therapy that looks at the
structure of a family unit and improves the interactions between family
members.
•It suggests that dysfunctional family relationships can create stress and mental
health problems for members of that family. By addressing how members of
the family relate to one another, the goal is to improve communication and
relationships to create positive changes for both individual family members and
the family unit as a whole.
• Gottman Method Couples Therapy It is a short-term family therapy treatment
that is often used for families with children or adolescents who are dealing
with behavioral issues. It is based on the premise that the family plays the
most important role in the life and development of children.
•This type of therapy seeks to identify and change the structural interaction
patterns that make up the family environment. By addressing family behaviors
and interactions that contribute to problem behavior
Topics Modalities in the Treatment of Offenders
in the Philippines
• Therapeutic Community modality by Parole
and Probation Administration
• How does TC look like?
• What are the Salient Features of TC?
• What is the TC Vision and Mission?
Modalities in the Treatment of Offenders in the Philippines
Like many countries, the correctional system in the
Philippines has both an institution - based and a community
community - based component. It also has separate
treatment systems for youth offenders and adult offenders.
The custodial care of adult offenders is handled by the
following.
 BJMP
 Provincial Jails
 BuCor
What is Therapeutic Community ?

The Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment that

helps people get help while helping others. It is a
treatment environment: the interactions of its members
are designed to be therapeutic within the context of the
norms that require for each to play the dual role of client
- therapist. At a given moment, one may be in a client
role when receiving help or support from others because
of a problem behavior or when experiencing distress. At
another time, the same person assumes s a therapist role
when assisting or supporting another person in trouble.
How does TC look like?

The operation of the community itself is the task of the

residents, working under staff supervision. Work
assignments. Called "Job functions" are arranged in a
hierarchy, according to seniority, individual progress and
productivity.

These include conducting all house services, such as

cooking, cleaning, kitchen service, minor repair, serving as
apprentices and running all departments, conducting
meetings and peer
What are the Salient Features of TC

1. The primary Therapist and Teacher is the community

itself, consisting of peers and staff, who, as role
models of successful personal change, serve as
guides in the recovery process.
2. TC adheres to precepts of right living: Truth/honesty;
Here and now; Personal responsibility for destiny;
Social responsibility (Brother's keeper); Moral
Code; Inner person is "Good" but behavior can be
"Bad"; Change is the only certainty; Work ethics; Self
reliance; Psychological
3. It is believed that TC is a place where:
can change - unfold; the group can foster change;
individuals must take responsibility;
structures must accommodate these; Act as if
go through the motion.
4. These are 5 distinct categories of activity that
help promote the change:
• Relational/Behavior Management
• Affective/Emotional/Psychological
• Cognitive/Intellectual
• Spiritual
• Psychomotor/Vocational - Survival Skills
• Relational/Behavior Management- means any intervention or treatment
that utilizes positive reinforces and/or restrictions to help an individual
receiving services to develop and/or strengthen recovery-oriented
behaviors and to address and correct treatment targeted behaviors.
• Affective/Emotional/Psychological- Gaining a deeper understanding of
how various factors in how an individual thinks, acts, and feels can help
people gain valuable insights as to why they think, act, and behave the way
they do.
• Cognitive/Intellectual-relating to the ability to think and understand ideas
at a high level, or involving ideas:
• Spiritual-Spiritual wellness is connecting to your inner and outer worlds to
support you in living your values and purpose.
• Psychomotor/Vocational – (Survival Skills)
-Refers to instructional programs or courses that focus on the skills required
for a particular job function or trade.
WHAT IS THE TC MISSION?
To promote human and social transformation
among our clients and among ourselves.

WHAT IS THE TC VISION?

By the end of this decade, TC shall have become
the corporate culture of the Parole and Probation
Administration permeating its plans, programs, and
practices, and confirming its status as a model
component of the Philippine Correctional System.
 Quiz

1. What is Therapeutic Community? ESSAY

20pts
2. What is TC MISSION AND VISION , 20pts
3. Enumerate the 5 categories of activity that
help promote the change. 10pts