2 2water 2

Lesson 2
Because water is polar, it has thermal properties that

sustain life on Earth.
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific heat capacity is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a chemical per unit mass.
Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid, which makes it good for temperature regulation.
Which means it takes a lot

of heat energy to raise the
temperature of water.
AIR LIQUID
WATER
A lot more energy

It takes 1,007 J of energy to heat 1 kg of air by 1 It takes 4,183 J of energy to heat 1 kg of water to raise the
temperature of
degree Kelvin by 1 degree Kelvin water!
Each individual “bond”
is weak, but there are
so many of them that
collectively you need to
add a lot of energy to
break them all.
Manipulate the temperature to

see how adding heat affects the
number of hydrogen bonds.
Lab Interactive
As a result of its high specific heat capacity, water
heats up or cools down very slowly.
This provides for a stable internal environment and habitat of living things.
For example:
Water’s high specific heat capacity helps body
temperature rise and fall slowly when external
temperatures (of air or water) becomes very hot
or cold.
As a result of its high specific heat capacity, water
heats up or cools down very slowly.
This provides for a stable internal environment and habitat of living things.
For example:
The temperature of aquatic habitats rise
and fall slowly when surrounding air
temperature becomes very hot or cold.
Comparing Water to Methane
Property Water Methane
1. Divide your large whiteboard into 3
columns
2. Organize cards under each column
to compare and contrast water vs.
methane
3. Try your best using your prior
knowledge and clues on the cards (ie
units)
Water vs. Methane
• Methane is a waste product of anaerobic respiration in certain prokaryotes that live in
habitats where oxygen is lacking.
• Methanogenic prokaryotes live in swamps and other wetlands and in the guts of animals,
including termites, cattle and sheep.
• They also live in waste dumps and are deliberately encouraged to produce methane in
anaerobic digesters.
• Methane can be used as a fuel but if allowed to escape into the atmosphere it
contributes to the greenhouse effect.
• Water and methane are both small molecules with atoms linked by single covalent bonds.
• However, water molecules are polar and can form hydrogen bonds, whereas methane
molecules are nonpolar and do not form hydrogen bonds.
• As a result, their physical properties are very different. How do you think?
Methane Water
Check answers here
Your notes don’t include all the rows, only those that are most relevant to us.
Implications
Methane Water
Without intramolecular polarity, there is no Because it has intramolecular polarity, water
ability to form intermolecular hydrogen can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
bonds. Without hydrogen bonds, the The emergent properties displayed by water
emergent properties displayed by water are all the result of these hydrogen bonds.
not possible by methane.
For example: due to the high specific heat,
bodies and habitats don’t drastically change
temperature with fluctuations in the
night/night and or season.
Do you remember this?
A. Light energy is converted to chemical

energy by photosynthesis
B. Chemical energy flows through the
trophic levels by feeding
C. Chemical energy is used in cellular
respiration
D. Heat is produced in cellular respiration
E. Heat cannot be converted to other forms
of energy
F. Heat is lost from food chains
G. 90% of available energy is lost at each
trophic level
This is the heat
energy that is lost
from the trophic
level.
The heat produced from cellular respiration needs to leave the body to prevent overheating.
These are the mechanisms by which the heat leaves:
The heat produced from cellular respiration needs to leave the body to prevent overheating.
These are the mechanisms by which the heat leaves:
Evaporation is the process by which

water changes from a liquid to a gas.
The “heat of vaporization” is the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid
substance to transform it into a gas. Water has a high heat of vaporization (around 540
cal/g) … so it takes a great deal of energy for water to evaporate. Why?
e
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
Write this to the left of the evaporation diagram in your notes.
Water has a high heat of vaporization

because hydrogen bonds form between
water molecules.
The hydrogen bonds must be broken in

order for the molecules to fly off as gas
during evaporation.
Each individual hydrogen “bond” is weak,

but there are so many of them that
collectively you need to add a lot of
energy to break them all. Hence: high
heat of vaporization.
As water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate from
gets cooler, a process called evaporative cooling.
Sweating is a mechanism
for cooling the body that
works because of
evaporative cooling.
The heat energy moves

away from the body with
the evaporating sweat
(which is 99% water),
leaving the skin cooler.
Fun fact: we actually can’t feel “cold.”
In fact, human beings and other animals do not feel
temperature at all. What we actually sense is the flow of
heat leaving our body caused by temperature
differences. We feel “heat transfer.”
Heat energy will always move from warmer to cooler.

● We feel “cold” when heat is leaving our body at a
higher rate than we are accustomed to.
● We feel “warmth” when heat is entering our body at
a higher rate than we are accustomed to.
Drop one or two drops of water on to
the back of your hand and spread the
liquid with your fingers.
Blow softly over the skin area that you
just covered with water.
1. Can you sense a difference in
temperature while blowing? How
does it feel?
2. What is happening at a molecular
level to produce this sensation? Refer
to heat transfer in your answer.
Lab Interactive
Open the link above.
☑ Click show hydrogen

bonds ON
☑ Click slow motion ON
▶ Click the PLAY button to

get the molecules moving.
3. Capture a screenshot and

label a hydrogen bond.
4. Describe where hydrogen

bonds form between water
molecules.
✓ Click show hydrogen bonds ON
◻ Click OFF slow motion
▶ Click the PLAY button to get the molecules moving.
Cool the temperature until you think the water is in

liquid form.
5. Capture a screenshot of water in liquid form.

Include the water and the thermometer in your
capture.
6. Outline what hydrogen bonds are doing when the

water is in a liquid form.
✓ Click show hydrogen bonds ON
◻ Click OFF slow motion
▶ Click the PLAY button to get the

molecules moving.
Click the HEAT button until the water

begins to vaporize. Count the number of
times you have to click the HEAT button
before vaporization occurs.
7. How many times did you click the heat

button?
8. Capture a screenshot of water that has

begun to evaporate. Include the water
and the thermometer in your capture.
9. In an organism, what is
name, location and equation
for the reaction that produces
heat.
10. Why does your body do

more of this reaction when
you are exercising?
11. Explain why sweating will

cool a body. Refer to water ,
hydrogen bonds and heat
transfer in your answer.
Solubility in Water
Solubility is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve and
form a solution in another substance (solvent).
Water is called the “universal solvent” because it can dissolve

more substances than any other liquid.
Water is the solvent, sugar is the solute.
A clump of sugar. When it dissolves, each

Add water. sugar molecule 🔴 is still
Each 🔴 is a sugar Each 🔵 is a water
molecule. there, but now they are
molecule.
Water is the solvent, sugar is the solute.
When it dissolves, the sugar molecules are still

A clump of sugar molecules
there, but now they are surrounded by water
in water.
rather than being clumped together.
It is water's polarity that makes it such an excellent solvent. Water molecules have a polar arrangement
of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a slight positive electrical charge and the
other side (oxygen) has a slight negative charge. This allows the water molecule to become attracted to
many other different types of molecules.
Water will dissolve solutes that:
– have polar covalent bonds (i.e. amino acids and glucose)
The δ+ H of water are The δ- O of water are

attracted to the δ- O attracted to the δ+ H
of the sugar of the sugar
– are ionic compounds (i.e. NaCl, table salt)
The δ+ H of water are The δ- O of water are

attracted to the attracted to the
negative - charge of positive + charge of
the Cl. the Na.
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
“Water loving” “Water fearing”
Water is attracted to the full or partial charge There is no full or partial charge for water to
of the hydrophilic substance. be attracted to in a hydrophobic substance.
Examples: Examples:
● Sugars - are polar molecules ● Lipids - only have non-polar covalent
● Amino acids - are polar molecules bonds
● Ions - have a charge

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Lesson 2

Because water is polar, it has thermal properties that

Which means it takes a lot

A lot more energy

Manipulate the temperature to

A. Light energy is converted to chemical

Evaporation is the process by which

Water has a high heat of vaporization

The hydrogen bonds must be broken in

Each individual hydrogen “bond” is weak,

The heat energy moves

Heat energy will always move from warmer to cooler.

☑ Click show hydrogen

☑ Click slow motion ON

▶ Click the PLAY button to

3. Capture a screenshot and

4. Describe where hydrogen

◻ Click OFF slow motion

▶ Click the PLAY button to get the molecules moving.

Cool the temperature until you think the water is in

5. Capture a screenshot of water in liquid form.

6. Outline what hydrogen bonds are doing when the

◻ Click OFF slow motion

▶ Click the PLAY button to get the

Click the HEAT button until the water

7. How many times did you click the heat

8. Capture a screenshot of water that has

10. Why does your body do

11. Explain why sweating will

Water is called the “universal solvent” because it can dissolve

A clump of sugar. When it dissolves, each

When it dissolves, the sugar molecules are still

The δ+ H of water are The δ- O of water are

– are ionic compounds (i.e. NaCl, table salt)

The δ+ H of water are The δ- O of water are

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