GROUP 1

RESEARCH REPORTING
GROUP 1
Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Case study

Presented By: GROUP 1 04/17/2024

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R E S EAR C H D E S I G N
 The research design refers to
the overall strategy that you
R E S EAR C H choose to integrate the
different components of the
study in a coherent and logical
DESIGN way, thereby, ensuring you
will effectively address the
research problem; it
constitutes the blueprint for
the collection, measurement,
and analysis of data.
PHENOMENOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHY

CASE STUDY
PHENOMENOLOGY
• It is a study of phenomena
• Aims to understand the essence of human
experience
Phenomenology is a type of research that seeks to
explain the nature of things through the way
people experience them. It translates literally as
the “study of phenomena.” In other words, it’s
the study of the meaning these things (or
phenomena) have in the minds of the audience
you’re studying.
EXAMPLE OF
EXPERIENCES
•Perception
•Thoughts, including
linguistic activities
•Memory
•Imagination
•Emotion
•Desire
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
1st Bracketing: Setting aside
biases.
-Putting aside what we think
to see clearly.
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
1st Bracketing: Setting aside
biases.
-Putting aside what we think
to see clearly.
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
2nd Intuiting: Grasping
essence.
-Understanding something
without needing to think
much.
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
3rd Analyzing: Examining
structures.
- Looking carefully to find
how things fit together.
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
4th Describing: Articulating
experiences.
-Saying exactly what
something is like.
 STEPS IN DOING
PHENOMENOLOGY:
4th Describing: Articulating
experiences.
-Saying exactly what
something is like.
An ending for phenomenology involves a
descriptive passage that discusses the essence of
the experience for individuals incorporating “what”
they have experienced and “how” they experienced
it. The “essence” is the culminating aspect of a
phenomenological study.
PHENOMENOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHY

CASE STUDY
 ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography is a qualitative research method used
to study and
understand people and their cultures. It involves
immersing oneself in the culture being studied,
observing and participating in social activities, and
documenting experiences through field notes,
interviews, and other data collection methods.
 ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography is the study of culture (Taylor & Francis,
2013), and it shares many similarities with anthropology,
which is the study of human civilizations and cultures.
Exploration and data collecting might take an emic or etic
approach. Emic means that the observation occurs within
the culture. Taylor et al. (2006) define etic as an
observation from the outside looking in. Used to
investigate questions about a certain group's ideas,
attitudes, and practices, as well as how they respond to
change. Taylor & Francis, 2013.
PURPOSE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Purpose is to define the characteristics of a specific
culture or ethnographic group.
PURPOSE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
The design allows scholars to discover fresh and
unexplored ways of thinking. Researchers may become
aware of behaviours, trends, and ideas that are common in
one culture but unknown in others. This opens up new
potential for better ways of viewing and solving problems
in various cultures.
PURPOSE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
The choice of ethnography as a research design depends
on the aim of the study and the depth of understanding
needed about a particular culture or social group.
Ethnography is especially applicable when researchers
aim to gain a rich, holistic understanding of a culture by
immersing themselves in the daily lives and experiences
of its members. It allows for in-depth exploration of social
phenomena within their natural context, providing
insights that may not be accessible through other research
methods.
PURPOSE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnographic research can be used to identify inequities.
For example, investigate the racial and cultural
characteristics of how a cultural group functions, as well
as the rules that govern behaviour. Taylor and Francis,
2013. An auto-ethnography is a type of ethnography in
which the self is the subject of exploration.
WHEN I SHOULD DO
ETHNOGRAPHY?
Ethnographic research is
especially valuable when a
researcher hopes to learn about
the complexities of an
environment from first-hand
experience. Ethnography may be
used to research organizations,
communities, culture, and other
environments.
DATA GATHERING
• In the collection of data in this particular
design, one must consider these things: The
researcher positions oneself as a 'participant
observer' within the culture. The setting is an
important element in ethnographic research
since the examination of people and their
behaviours must be done within the framework
of that cultural scenario. Observation,
interviews, focus groups, document analysis,
and field notes are some of the methods used.
(Taylor & Francis, 2013).
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
1. Research Question and Objectives:
Define the research question and
objectives, identifying the specific cultural
group or community to study.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
2. Entry and Access: Establish rapport and
gain entry into the community or culture
being studied, building trust and rapport
with participants.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
3. Participant Observation: Immerse
yourself in the daily lives and activities of
the community, observing and participating
in their social interactions, rituals, and
practices.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
4. Field Notes:Take detailed field notes
during observations, recording behaviors,
conversations, and any other relevant
information.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
5. Interviews and Conversations: Conduct
interviews and informal conversations with
members of the community to gain deeper
insights into their beliefs, values, and
experiences.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
6. Data Analysis: Analyze the data
collected, looking for patterns, themes, and
insights that emerge from the observations
and interviews.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
7. Interpretation: Interpret the findings
within the cultural context, considering the
perspectives and experiences of the
community members.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
8. Reporting: Write a detailed ethnographic
report or manuscript, presenting the
findings in a coherent and engaging
manner, often including quotes, anecdotes,
and descriptions to bring the culture to life
for the reader.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
9. Ethical Considerations: Throughout the
process, maintain ethical standards,
ensuring informed consent, confidentiality,
and respect for the cultural norms and
practices of the community being studied.
STEPS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC
DATA GATHERING
9. Ethical Considerations: Throughout the
process, maintain ethical standards,
ensuring informed consent, confidentiality,
and respect for the cultural norms and
practices of the community being studied.
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS IN
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH
DESIGN
• What expectations and beliefs do
people within specific communities
hold about their healthcare options?
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS IN
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH
DESIGN
• What practices are being undertaken
by healthcare professionals in specific
settings and are these consistent with
best practice?
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS IN
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH
DESIGN
• What barriers are certain communities
experiencing in relation to different
healthcare access?
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS IN
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH
DESIGN
• Are people within a specific
community receiving the appropriate
information and communication about
aspects of their health for them to then
make informed educated decisions?
PHENOMENOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHY

CASE STUDY
 CASE STUDY
Case study research is defined as a qualitative approach in
which the investigator explores a real-life, contemporary
bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems
(cases) over time, through detailed, in-depth data collection
involving multiple sources of information (e.g.,
observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and
documents and reports), and reports a case description and
case themes. The unit of analysis in the case study might be
multiple cases (a multisite study) or a single case (a within-
site study).
WHEN TO DO A CASE
STUDY?
A case study is an appropriate research design when
you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth
knowledge or understanding about a specific real-
world subject or a particular subject. It allows you to
explore the key characteristics, meanings, and
implications of the study.
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS

Step 1: Select a case

Once you have developed your problem statement
and research questions, you should be ready to
choose the specific case that you want to focus on.
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS
Example of an outlying case study In the 1960s the
town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to
have extremely low rates of heart disease compared
to the US average. It became an important case study
for understanding previously neglected causes of
heart disease.
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS
Step 2: Build a theoretical framework
While case studies focus more on concrete details
than general theories, they should usually have some
connection with theory in the field. This way the
case study is not just an isolated description, but is
integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It
might aim to:
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS
Step 3: Collect your data
There are many different research methods you can
use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend
to focus on qualitative data using methods such as
interviews, observations, and analysis of
primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper
articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a
case study will also collect quantitative data.
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS
Example of a mixed methods case study For a case
study of a wind farm development in a rural area,
you could collect quantitative data on employment
rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data
on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and
analyze local and national media coverage of the
development.
 STEP BY STEP PROCESS
Step 4: Describe and analyze the case
In writing up the case study, you need to bring
together all the relevant aspects to give as
complete a picture as possible of the subject.
THANK YOU !
GROUP 1
HANNAH SOFIA L. MEDRANO
NIKOS ESMILLA
JERICO NAZARENO
XERLAN QUINNONES
ARVIE SALVADOR
ASZLY PAINGAN
RENZO OLIVERIA
MIKAEL PERNAN
CHAELE SARILE