Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Hydraulics
Prepared by: Engr. Mark

Fundamentals of Fluid
Flow
Fluid in motion is based on the following principles:
a) conservation of mass
b)Energy
c) Momentum
Flow rate:
Volume flow rate, Q = Av (m /s)
3
Mass flow rate, M = ρQ (kg/s)
Weight flow rate, W =  Q (N/s)

Different Types of Flow:
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow

01 Q is constant with time at a given 02
Q is not constant with time
cross-section
Uniform Flow Continuous Flow

03 04
Average velocity is constant at At any given time, Q at every
any section section is the same
Continuity Equation
The continuity Equation
Q1 Q3 Q2
Incompressible Fluids: Compressible Fluids
𝑄= 𝐴 1 𝑉 1= 𝐴 2 𝑉 2=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ρ 𝐴 1 𝑉 1= ρ 𝐴 2 𝑉 2 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Other Types of Flow:
Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

01 Reynolds number more than 02
Reynolds number less than 2,000
2,000
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional
03 Flow 04 Flow
Magnitude and direction of the
velocity at all points area constant The fluid particles moves in
parallel planes and the stream line
patterns are identical
Energy and Head
Energy is defined as the ability to do
work. The energy possess by a (N m)
flowing fluid consists of kinetic and
potential energy. Potential energy is (m)
the subdivided into energy due to
position or elevation and energy due Potential Energy
to pressure.
(N m)
Energy is expressed in N m. The
amount of energy per Newton or (m)
simply in m is called the head.
Kinetic Energy (N m)
(m)
Total Energy, E KE + PE (m)

Power and Efficiency
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem / Bernoulli’s Equation
Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit weight is constant at any point in the path of flow.
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

Energy Equation Neglecting Head Energy Equation Considering
Loss Head Loss
Energy Equation with Pump/Turbine
With Pump With Turbine
Hydraulic and Energy Grade line
Hydraulic Grade Line Energy Grade Line
Hydraulic grade line, also called hydraulic gradient and pressure Energy grade line is always above the hydraulic grade line by an
gradient, is the graphical representation of the potential head amount equal to the velocity head. Thus, the distance of energy
(pressure head + elevation head). It is the line to which liquid rises gradient above the datum plane is always (v2/2g + p/γ + z). Energy
in successive piezometer tubes. The line is always at a distance grade line therefore is the graphical representation of the total
(p/γ + z) above the datum plane. energy of flow.
Characteristics of HGL Characteristics of EGL

• HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or • EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow and will only
fall due to change in pressure. rise with the presence of pump.
•
• HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross section. • The vertical drop of EGL between two points is the head lost
between those points.
• For horizontal pipes with constant cross section, the drop in
pressure gradient between two points is equivalent to the head • EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross section.
lost between these points.
• EGL is always above the HGL by v2/2g.
• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

Visual Representation Showing
behavior of EGL and HGL
Problem no. 1
The water surface shown in Figure is 6 m above the datum. The pipe is 150 mm in diameter and the
total loss of head between point (1) in the water surface and point (5) in the jet is 3 m. Determine the
velocity of flow in the pipe and the discharge Q.
Ans: 135.6 Lit/sec

Problem no. 2
A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. See Figure. Points 1 and 2 are at the same elevation,
the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The discharge Q is 30 liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy lost from
1 to 2 is equivalent to 20 kPa.
Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water.

Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is oil (sp gr = 0.80).
Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is molasses (sp gr = 1.5).
Ans:
p2= 172.79 kPa
p2= 174.24 kPa
p2= 169.19 kPa
Problem no. 3
The 150-mm pipe line shown in Figure conducts water from the reservoir and discharge at a lower elevation
through a nozzle which has a discharge diameter of 50 mm. The water surface in the reservoir 1 is at elevation
30 m, the pipe intake 2 and 3 at elevation 25 m and the nozzle 4 and 5 at elevation 0. The head losses are: from 1
to 2, 0; from 2 to 3, 0.6 m; from 3 to 4, 9 m; from 4 to 5, 3 m. Compute the discharge.
Ans:
Q = 36.3 L/s
Problem no. 4
A pump takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe in which the
velocity is 2.5 m/s. At A in the suction pipe, the pressure is -40 kPa. At B in the discharge pipe, which is 2.5 m
above A, the pressure is 410 kPa. What horsepower would have to be applied by the pump if there were no
frictional losses?
Ans:
Q = 28.3 hp
Problem no. 5
A pump takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe in which the
velocity is 3.6 m/s. The pressure is -35 kPa at A in the suction pipe. The 150-mm pipe discharges horizontally
into air at C. To what height h above B can the water be raised if B is 1.8 m above A and 20 hp is delivered to the
pump? Assume that the pump operates at 70 percent efficiency and that the frictional loss in the pipe between A
and C is 3 m.
Hint: In pumps, the first power solved is

output. In turbines, the first power solved
is input.
Ans:
h = 7.92 m
Problem no. 6
In Figure is shown a siphon discharging water from reservoir A into the air at B. Distance 'a' is 1.8 m, 'b' is 6 m,
and the diameter is 150 mm throughout. If there is a frictional loss of 1.5 m between A and the summit, and 1.5
m between the summit and B, what is the absolute pressure at the summit in kiloPascal? Also determine the rate
of discharge in cubic meter per second and in gallons per minute.
Ans:
Q = 1360.32 gal/min
Psummit = -8.829 kPa
Problem no. 7
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown in Figure. The loss of head from A to 1
is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in
the 100-mm pipe. Compute the horsepower output of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 when the
discharge is: (a) 12 L/s; (b) 40 L/s.
Ans:
a) P = 11.75 hp
Problem no. 8
Neglecting head loss, determine the manometer reading in the system shown when the velocity of water flowing
in the 75-mm diameter pipe is 0.6 m/s.
Ans:
a) h = 339.5 mm
SEATWORK
Problem no. 1
The 600-mm pipe shown in Figure 4-11 conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which discharges
through another 600-mm pipe into tailrace B. The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the
pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is 600 L/s, what
power is being given up by the water to the turbine and what are the pressure heads at 1 and 2?

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Hydraulics

Prepared by: Engr. Mark

Mass flow rate, M = ρQ (kg/s)

Weight flow rate, W =  Q (N/s)

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow

Uniform Flow Continuous Flow

Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow

Total Energy, E KE + PE (m)

Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

Characteristics of HGL Characteristics of EGL

• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

Ans: 135.6 Lit/sec

Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water.

Hint: In pumps, the first power solved is

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