Operating Systems

By
Dr Tariq
(Lecture 1)

1
 Description
What the course is about

 This course gives concept of OS functions, design and

implementation (how they are used and implemented)
 Topics include
 Processes, Threats, scheduling, memory management
 Concurrency, synchronization, file systems
 Device management and security

2
 Text Book
Operating System Concepts Ninth Edition
by
Avi Silberschatz, Peter Baer,
GalvinGreg Gagne

3
 Grade Composition

 4 Quiz
 4 Assignments
 Midterm exam (20%)
 Presentation
 Final exam (60%)

• All assignments are to be your own work.

• No group projects or assignments are allowed.
• Exams are closed-book.

 Attend all lectures! 4

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What is an Operating System?
 Computer-System Organization
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating-System Operations
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Storage Management
 Protection and Security
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Open-Source Operating Systems
 Computer-System Architecture
 Objectives
 To describe the basic organization of computer systems
 To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
 To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
 To explore several open-source operating systems
 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of

a computer and the computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
 Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
 What Operating Systems Do
 The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its
use among the various application programs for the various
users.
 We can also view a computer system as consisting of hardware,
software, and data.
 The operating system provides the means for proper use of these
resources in the operation of the computer system.
 It provides an environment within which other programs can do
useful work.
 To understand more fully the operating system's role, we explore
operating systems from two viewpoints:
 The user
 The system.
 User View
The user's view of the computer varies according to the interface
being used

 Single user computers (e.g., PC, workstations). Such

systems are designed for one user to control its
resources. The goal is to maximize the work (or play)
that the user is performing. the operating system is
designed mostly for ease of use and good
performance.
 Multi user computers (e.g., mainframes, computing
servers). These users share resources and may
exchange information. The operating system in such
cases is designed to maximize resource utilization -- to
assure that all available CPU time, memory, and I/O
are used efficiently.
 User View (Cont.)

 Handheld computers (e.g., smartphones and tablets). The

user interface for mobile computers generally features a
touch screen. The systems are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life.
 Embedded computers (e.g., computers in home devices and
automobiles) The user interface may have numeric keypads
and may turn indicator lights on or off to show status. The
operating systems are designed primarily to run without user
intervention.
 System View
From the computer's point of view, the operating system is the
program most intimately involved with the hardware. There are two
different views:

 The operating system is a resource allocator

 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
 The operating systems is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
 Defining Operating System
No universally accepted definition of what an OS:

 Operating systems exist to offer a reasonable way to

solve the problem of creating a usable computing system.
 The fundamental goal of computer systems is to execute
user programs and to make solving user problems easier.
 Since bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to use,
application programs are developed.
 These programs require certain common operations, such as
those controlling the I/O devices.
 The common functions of controlling and allocating
resources are brought together into one piece of software:
the operating system.
 Defining Operating System (Cont.)
No universally accepted definition of what is part of the OS:

 A more common definition, and the one that we

usually follow, is that the operating system is the
one program running at all times on the
computer -- usually called the kernel.
 Along with the kernel, there are two other types
of programs:
 System programs, which are associated with the
operating system but are not necessarily part of the
kernel.
 Application programs, which include all programs
not associated with the operation of the system.
 Defining Operating System (Cont.)
No universally accepted definition of what is part of the OS:

 A more common definition, and the one that we

usually follow, is that the operating system is the
one program running at all times on the
computer -- usually called the kernel.
 Along with the kernel, there are two other types
of programs:
 System programs, which are associated with the
operating system but are not necessarily part of the
kernel.
 Application programs, which include all programs
not associated with the operation of the system.