STP New

Implement Spanning
Tree Protocols
Version 4.0 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Role of Redundancy in a Converged
Switched Network
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2

Layer 2 loops in a well managed network

How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2
Loops in a Converged Network

STP Algorithm - STP uses the Spanning Tree
Algorithm (STA) to determine which switch ports on a
network need to be configured for blocking to prevent
loops from occurring.
Root Bridge - serves as a reference point for all

spanning-tree calculations to determine which
redundant paths to block.
Root ports - Switch ports closest to the root bridge.
Designated ports - All non-root ports that are still
permitted to forward traffic on the network
Non-designated ports - All ports configured to be in a
blocking state to prevent loops.
The Root Bridge
Bridge ID – Is compose of the following:

A. Priority Value
B. Extended System ID
C. MAC Address
BPDU - Message frame exchanged by switches for STP

to determine which switch has the lowest bridge ID
(BID) on the network.
-The switch with the lowest BID automatically
becomes the root bridge for the STA calculations.

Port Cost
 Sum of all the port costs along the path to the root
bridge.
 The paths with the lowest path cost become the
preferred path, and all other redundant paths are
blocked.

BPDU Process
 Initially, each switch identifies itself as the root bridge.

 Each switch maintains local information about its own
BID, the root ID, and the path cost to the root.
 When adjacent switches receive a BPDU frame, they
compare the root ID from the BPDU frame with the
local root ID.
 If the root ID in the BPDU is lower than the local root
ID, the switch updates the local root ID and the ID in its
BPDU messages.
 If the local root ID is lower than the root ID received in
the BPDU frame, the BPDU frame is discarded.

Bridge ID
 Bridge Priority - The switch with the lowest priority,

which means lowest BID, becomes the root bridge (the
lower the priority value, the higher the priority).
 Extended System ID – Added to the bridge priority
value.
 MAC Address - The MAC address with the lowest
hexadecimal value is considered to be the preferred
root bridge.

Configuring Bridge Priority

Configuring Port Priority
-The port priority values range from 0 - 240, in

increments of 16.

Port States
Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not

participate in frame forwarding.
Listening - the switch port is not only receiving BPDU frames, it is
also transmitting its own BPDU frames
Learning - The port prepares to participate in frame forwarding and
begins to populate the MAC address table.
Forwarding - The port is considered part of the active topology and
forwards frames and also sends and receives BPDU frames.
Disabled - The Layer 2 port does not participate in spanning tree
and does not forward frames.

Cisco PortFast Technology
 When a switch port configured with PortFast is
configured as an access port, that port transitions from
blocking to forwarding state immediately, bypassing the
typical STP listening and learning states.

How STP works to Eliminate Layer 2
Loops in a Converged Network
 role of STP port states and BPDU timers in the
operation of STP

How the STP Algorithm Uses Three Steps to
Converge on a Loop-Free Topology
 STP decision sequence is used to elect a root bridge
for a network

 process of electing a root port on a switch

 process of electing designated ports and non-
designated ports on a switch

Implement Rapid per VLAN Spanning
Tree (rapid PVST+) in a LAN
 Summarize the features of the PVST+, RSTP and rapid
PVST+ variants of STP

 features of PVST+

 features of RSTP

 RSTP edge ports

 RSTP link types

Summary
 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops
from being formed on redundant networks
 STP uses different port states & timers to logically
prevent loops
 There is at least one switch in a network that serves as
the root bridge
Root bridge is elected using information found in BPDU frames
 Root ports are determined by the spanning tree

algorithm and are closest to the root bridge

Summary
 STP lengthy convergence time (50 seconds) facilitated

the development of:
RSTP
convergence time is slightly over 6 seconds
Rapid PVST+
adds VLAN support to RSTP
is the preferred spanning-tree protocol on a Cisco switch
netowrk


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Implement Spanning

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4

Root Bridge - serves as a reference point for all

Bridge ID – Is compose of the following:

BPDU - Message frame exchanged by switches for STP

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8

 Initially, each switch identifies itself as the root bridge.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9

 Bridge Priority - The switch with the lowest priority,

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11

-The port priority values range from 0 - 240, in

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12

Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23

 Root ports are determined by the spanning tree

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24

 STP lengthy convergence time (50 seconds) facilitated

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25

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