PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

19U405 PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

DEVARAJ 22U213
SHIVA KIRTHICK 22U240
HARIHARAN 22U216
JEFFRIN SAM 22U220
WIFI TECHNOLOGY
Definition of WIFI technology

A wireless communication technology

enabling devices to connect to a local
area network or the internet without
wired connections, utilizing radio
frequency signals for data transmission
within a limited range.
Introduction
WIFI , short for Wireless Fidelity, has
revolutionized the way we connect to the
internet and communicate wirelessly. By
utilizing radio waves to transmit data
between devices, WIFI technology enables
seamless connectivity within a certain
range, without the need for physical wires.
Its widespread adoption has transformed the
modern landscape, empowering individuals
and businesses alike to access information,
share data, and communicate efficiently
across various devices and platforms.
Evolution of WIFI Standards

Timeline
• 802.11 (1997): First WiFi standard, offering data rates up to 2
Mbps.
• 802.11b (1999): Enhanced speed up to 11 Mbps.
• 802.11g (2003): Further speed improvement to 54 Mbps.
• 802.11n (2009): Higher throughput and increased range.
• 802.11ac (2013): Gigabit speed and improved performance in
crowded environments.
• 802.11ax (WiFi 6) (2019): Enhanced efficiency and capacity for
IoT and high-density scenarios.
 How WIFI works

Wireless Access Points

(WAPs) or Routers: WIFI Radio Waves: WIFI uses SSID (Service Set
networks are typically set up radio waves to transmit data Identifier): Each WiFi
using devices called wireless between devices. These radio network has a unique
access points (WAPs) or waves operate within the 2.4 identifier called an SSID.
routers. These devices create GHz or 5 GHz frequency Devices scan for available
a wireless local area network bands, depending on the WiFi SSIDs and users select the
(WLAN) to which other standard being used. network they want to join.
devices can connect.
 DIAGRAM
•Illustration showing devices connected to a router, emitting radio
waves.
 WiFi Hot Spots

 A WiFi hot spot is simply an area with an accessible wireless network.

 Being able to get a wi-fi connection in public hot spots is extremely convenient.
 Wireless home networks are convenient as well. They allow you to easily
connect multiple computers and other wireless devices and to move them from
place to place without disconnecting and reconnecting wires.
 WHAT ARE WIFI BANDS?
A WIFI BAND IS A SPECIFIC WIRELESS BROADCAST FREQUENCY THAT A WIFI
DEVICE CAN USE TO SEND OR RECEIVE DATA.
THE WIFI BANDS THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR DEVICES TO USE ARE
STANDARDIZED TO MAINTAIN COMPATIBILITY WITH ALL KINDS OF DEVICES
AND TO MEET REGIONAL BROADCAST REGULATIONS, THOUGH NOT ALL
DEVICES ARE CAPABLE OF USING ALL WIFI BANDS.
FOR NETWORKING EQUIPMENT, THE NUMBER OF BANDS THAT A DEVICE HAS
TYPICALLY INDICATES THE NUMBER OF RADIOS THAT A DEVICE USES TO
BROADCAST WIFI SIGNALS.
HOW MANY BANDS ARE
NEEDED FOR NETWORK?
 THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF WIFI BANDS THAT NEEDS NETWORK
DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF WIFI DEVICES THAT IS USED.
 A DUAL-BAND ROUTER, ACCESS POINT, OR MESH SYSTEM WITH 2.4 GHZ
AND 5 GHZ BANDS IS THE MINIMUM THAT YOU SHOULD CONSIDER FOR
MODERN DEVICES.
 HAVING A LOT OF DEVICES, IT MIGHT BE NECESSARY TO HAVE A TRI-
BAND ROUTER OR ACCESS POINT WITH TWO 5 GHZ RADIOS, OR A TRI-
BAND ORBI MESH SYSTEM WITH DEDICATED BACKHAUL.
 FOR USING THE NEWEST WIFI DEVICES OR WANT TO FUTURE-PROOF THE
NETWORK, A TRI-BAND ROUTER OR ACCESS POINT WITH 2.4 GHZ, 5 GHZ,
AND 6 GHZ RADIOS, OR A QUAD-BAND ORBI MESH SYSTEM WITH
DEDICATED BACKHAUL IS THE BEST CHOICE.
 WHAT DO WIFI BANDS PROVIDE?
THE PRIMARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WIRELESS FREQUENCIES ARE THE RANGE
(COVERAGE) AND BANDWIDTH (SPEED) THAT THE BANDS PROVIDE.
THE 2.4 GHZ BAND PROVIDES THE MOST COVERAGE BUT TRANSMITS DATA AT SLOWER
SPEEDS.
THE 5 GHZ BAND PROVIDES LESS COVERAGE BUT TRANSMITS DATA AT FASTER
SPEEDS.
THE 6 GHZ BAND, EXCLUSIVE TO THE NEWEST WIFI STANDARDS, PROVIDES THE LEAST
COVERAGE BUT TRANSMITS DATA AT THE FASTEST SPEEDS OF THE THREE
FREQUENCIES.
MESH WIFI
SYSTEM
 A MESH WIFI SYSTEM IS A PACKAGE OF
WIFI DEVICES THAT WORKS TOGETHER TO
PROVIDE MUCH GREATER WIFI COVERAGE
THAN CONVENTIONAL ROUTERS OR
ACCESS POINTS (APS).

 MESH WIFI SYSTEMS TYPICALLY CONTAIN

A SINGLE ROUTER UNIT AND ONE OR MORE
SATELLITE UNITS THAT EXPAND WIFI
COVERAGE FROM THE ROUTER UNIT,
THOUGH SOME BUSINESS-ORIENTED APS
HAVE MESH FEATURES AS WELL.

 UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL WIFI ROUTERS,

WHICH HAVE LIMITED WIFI COVERAGE
BECAUSE THEY HAVE ONLY ONE
BROADCAST DEVICE, MESH WIFI SYSTEMS
BROADCAST FROM EVERY DEVICE IN THE
MESH SYSTEM, AND CAN BE FURTHER
EXPANDED SIMPLY BY ADDING MORE MESH
SATELLITE UNITS TO THE SYSTEM.
 WHAT IS BACKHAUL?
BACKHAUL IS A TERM FOR THE COMMUNICATION PERFORMED BETWEEN A
MESH WIFI SYSTEM’S ROUTER AND ITS SATELLITES.
UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL WIFI ROUTERS, WHICH HAVE LIMITED WIFI
COVERAGE BECAUSE THEY HAVE ONLY ONE BROADCAST DEVICE, MESH WIFI
SYSTEMS BROADCAST FROM THE MAIN ROUTER AND THE SATELLITES.
HOWEVER, BECAUSE INTERNET SERVICE IS ONLY PHYSICALLY CONNECTED
TO THE MESH ROUTER, BACKHAUL IS REQUIRED TO EXTEND THAT
CONNECTION TO THE SATELLITE UNITS, WHICH IN TURN ALLOWS THEM TO
BROADCAST A WIFI SIGNAL LIKE THE MESH ROUTER.
 WHY IS A TRI-BAND WIFI
ACCESS POINT NECESSARY
IN A NETWORK?
TRI-BAND WIFI ACCESS POINTS OFFER THE FOLLOWING
BENEFITS:
MORE BANDWIDTH
BETTER LOAD BALANCING AND BAND STEERING
SUPPORT FOR MORE SIMULTANEOUS CLIENTS
AN ADDITIONAL 5GHZ BAND TO REDUCE WIFI CONGESTION IN
ENVIRONMENTS WITH MANY WIFI DEVICES
AIR TIME FAIRNESS, WHICH IMPROVES PERFORMANCE ON
CONGESTED NETWORKS
4X4 MULTI-USER MIMO (MU-MIMO)
 SOME TERMINOLOGIES
SSID (SERVICE SET IDENTIFIER): IT IS A 32 CHARACTER NAME THAT IDENTIFIES THE WI-FI
NETWORK AND DIFFERENTIATES ONE WI-FI FROM ANOTHER WI-FI. ALL THE DEVICES ARE
ATTEMPTING TO CONNECT A PARTICULAR SSID. SIMPLY, SSID IS THE NAME OF THE
WIRELESS NETWORK.
WPA-PSK (WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS- PRE-SHARED KEY): IT IS A PROGRAM DEVELOPED
BY THE WI-FI ALLIANCE AUTHORITY TO SECURE WIRELESS NETWORKS WITH THE USE OF
PRE-SHARED KEY(PSK) AUTHENTICATION. WPA HAS 3 TYPES, SUCH AS WPA. WPA2, WPA3. IT
IS A WAY OF ENCRYPTING THE WI-FI SIGNAL TO PROTECT FROM UNWANTED USERS.
WI-FI USES AD-HOC NETWORKS TO TRANSMIT. IT IS A POINT-TO-POINT NETWORK
WITHOUT ANY INTERFACE.
 ADVANTAGES
 IT IS A FLEXIBLE NETWORK CONNECTION, NO WIRING COMPLEXITIES.
CAN BE ACCESSED FROM ANYWHERE IN THE WI-FI RANGE.
 IT CAN BE SET UP IN AN EASY AND FAST WAY. JUST NEED TO CONFIGURE
THE SSID AND PASSWORD.
 SECURITY IN A HIGH IN WI-FI NETWORK, ITS USES WPA ENCRYPTION TO
ENCRYPT RADIO SIGNALS.
 IT IS ALSO LOWER IN COST.

 IT ALSO CAN PROVIDE HOTSPOTS.

 IT SUPPORTS ROAMING ALSO.

 IT IS SALABLE, CAN BE EXPANDED BY USING WI-FI EXTENDERS.

 DISADVANTAGES
 POWER CONSUMPTION IS HIGH WHILE USING WI-FI IN ANY DEVICE WHICH HAS A
BATTERY, SUCH AS MOBILE, LAPTOPS, ETC.

 SPEED IS SLOWER THAN A DIRECT CABLE CONNECTION.

 IT HAS LOWER RADIATION LIKE CELL PHONES, SO IT CAN HARM HUMANS.

 WI-FI SIGNALS MAY BE AFFECTED BY CLIMATIC CONDITIONS LIKE

THUNDERSTORMS.

 UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO WI-FI CAN HAPPEN BECAUSE IT DOES NOT HAVE A

FIREWALL.

 TO USE WI-FI WE NEED A ROUTER, WHICH NEEDS A POWER SOURCE, SO AT THE

TIME OF POWER CUT, WE CANNOT ACCESS THE INTERNET.

 MANY TIMES THERE MAY BE SOME SECURITY PROBLEMS HAPPENING EVEN IT

HAS ENCRYPTION. SUCH AS MANY TIMES HAS KNOWN DEVICES BECOME
UNKNOWN TO THE ROUTER, WI-FI CAN BE HACKED ALSO.
 APPLICATIONS
 ACCESSING INTERNET: USING WI-FI WE CAN ACCESS THE INTERNET IN ANY WI-FI-CAPABLE DEVICE WIRELESSLY.

 WE CAN STREAM OR CAST AUDIO OR VIDEO WIRELESSLY ON ANY DEVICE USING WI-FI FOR OUR ENTERTAINMENT.

 WE CAN SHARE FILES, DATA, ETC BETWEEN TWO OR MORE COMPUTERS OR MOBILE PHONES USING WI-FI, AND THE SPEED OF THE DATA
TRANSFER RATE IS ALSO VERY HIGH. ALSO, WE CAN PRINT ANY DOCUMENT USING A WI-FI PRINTER, THIS IS VERY MUCH USED
NOWADAYS.

 USING WI-FI OR WLAN WE CAN CONSTRUCT SIMPLE WIRELESS CONNECTIONS FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER, KNOWN AS POINT TO
POINT NETWORKS. THIS CAN BE USEFUL TO CONNECT TWO LOCATIONS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO REACH BY WIRE, SUCH AS TWO
BUILDINGS OF CORPORATE BUSINESS.

 ALSO USING W-FI A WHOLE CITY CAN PROVIDE NETWORK CONNECTIVITY BY DEPLOYING ROUTERS AT A SPECIFIC AREA TO ACCESS THE
INTERNET. ALREADY SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES ARE PROVIDING NETWORKS USING WI-FI BECAUSE OF ITS FLEXIBILITY.

 WI-FI IS USED AS A POSITIONING SYSTEM ALSO, BY WHICH WE CAN DETECT THE POSITIONS OF WI-FI HOTSPOTS TO IDENTIFY A DEVICE
LOCATION.
WIFI TECHNOLOGY
IN AUTOMOBILE
 WORKING OF WIFI

1. Transmission and Reception: Wi-Fi converts digital data into radio waves and transmits them through
antennas. Devices capture these waves, demodulate them, and extract digital data.

2. Network Establishment and Data Transfer: Wi-Fi devices share the wireless medium using protocols like
CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) . They join networks through association with
access points. Data transfer occurs via wireless exchange of packets, ensuring integrity through error detection
and correction.

3. Security and Encryption: Wi-Fi networks encrypt data using algorithms like WPA2(Wi-Fi Protected Access 2),
requiring authentication for access. Cryptographic techniques ensure secure transmission, safeguarding against
unauthorized access and preserving data privacy.
 TYPES OF VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
(VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING
COMMUNICATION)(V2X)
V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication
enables vehicles to exchange data with other
vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and
networks to enhance road safety and efficiency.
1.V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle): Direct communication between
vehicles for collision avoidance and coordination.

2.V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure): Communication between

vehicles and roadside infrastructure for traffic information and
management.

3.V2N (Vehicle-to-Network): Connection to cloud-based

services for navigation, updates, and integration with broader
transportation systems.

4.V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian): Interaction between vehicles

and pedestrians for safety alerts and assistance.
V2V COMMUNICATION: (LANE-SHIFTING)

Detection of Lane Shifting Intent:

•As a vehicle intends to change lanes, onboard sensors such
as cameras, radar, and lidar monitor the surrounding vehicles
and detect their positions, speeds, and trajectories.

•The vehicle's lane departure warning system analyzes this

information to determine the driver's intention to change lanes.

V2V Communication Initiation:

•The vehicle communicates its intention to change lanes to
nearby vehicles using V2V communication protocols.

•It broadcasts a message indicating its current position,

speed, direction, and the intended lane change maneuver to
surrounding vehicles within range.
V2V COMMUNICATION: (LANE-SHIFTING)

Reception and Acknowledgment by Nearby Vehicles:

•Nearby vehicles equipped with V2V communication
capabilities receive the broadcasted message and analyze
the information.
•Vehicles in adjacent lanes acknowledge the lane change
intent message and provide feedback to the initiating
vehicle.

Coordinated Lane Shifting:

•Vehicles in adjacent lanes adjust their speeds and positions
to create a safe gap for the initiating vehicle to change lanes.
•By coordinating their movements through V2V
communication, vehicles ensure smooth and safe lane
changes without causing disruptions or conflicts.
REFEREN
CES
 HTTPS://KB.NETGEAR.COM/0000
64790/WHAT-ARE-WIFI-BANDS-A
ND-HOW-MANY-DO-I-NEED-FOR
-MY-NETWORK
 HTTPS://KB.NETGEAR.COM/0000
64886/WHAT-IS-BACKHAUL
 HTTPS://KB.NETGEAR.COM/0000
64871/WHATS-A-MESH-WIFI-SYS
TEM
 HTTPS://KB.NETGEAR.COM/0000
60931/WHY-DO-I-NEED-A-TRI-BA
ND-WIFI-ACCESS-POINT-IN-MY-
NETWORK
 HTTPS://WWW.GEEKSFORGEEKS
.ORG/WHAT-IS-WI-FIWIRELESS-F
IDELITY/
THANK YOU