This document discusses various reflex tests that can be performed during a physical exam. It describes how to perform tests of the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, knee, ankle, planter and abdominal reflexes. It also notes what abnormal reflex findings may indicate and provides some additional examination tips.
This document discusses various reflex tests that can be performed during a physical exam. It describes how to perform tests of the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, knee, ankle, planter and abdominal reflexes. It also notes what abnormal reflex findings may indicate and provides some additional examination tips.
This document discusses various reflex tests that can be performed during a physical exam. It describes how to perform tests of the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, knee, ankle, planter and abdominal reflexes. It also notes what abnormal reflex findings may indicate and provides some additional examination tips.
This document discusses various reflex tests that can be performed during a physical exam. It describes how to perform tests of the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, knee, ankle, planter and abdominal reflexes. It also notes what abnormal reflex findings may indicate and provides some additional examination tips.
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Reflexes
Dr. Ahmed Jasim
Reflexes and diagnosis
• Evaluation of a reflex can aid a
doctor in diagnosing a problem.
• A reflex which stops functioning or functions
abnormally may indicate that a particular central or peripheral conduction pathway in the body has been damaged. Mechanism of deep reflexes
When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply
is stretched, it contracts. This response is called the stretch reflex. The stimulus that initiates the reflex is stretch of the muscle, and the response is contraction of the muscle being stretched. The sense organ is the muscle spindle. The impulses originating in the spindle are conducted in the CNS by fast sensory fibers that pass directly to the motor neurons which supply the same muscle. Abnormalities
Hyperactive reflexes suggest central nervous
system disease. Sustained clonus confirm it. Reflexes may be diminished or absent when sensation is lost, when the relevant spinal segments are damaged, or when the peripheral nerves are damaged. Diseases of muscles and neuromuscular junctions may also decrease reflexes. Biceps Reflex (C5, C6)
The patient’s arm should be partially flexed at
the elbow with palm down. Place your thumb or finger firmly on the biceps tendon. Strike with the reflex hammer so that the blow is aimed directly through your digit toward the biceps tendon. observe flexion at the elbow, and watch for and feel the contraction of the biceps muscle. The Triceps Reflex (C6, C7)
Flex the patient’s arm at the elbow, with
palm toward the body, and pull it slightly across the chest. Strike the triceps tendon above the elbow. Use a direct blow from directly behind it. Watch for contraction of the triceps muscle and extension at the elbow. Brachioradialis Reflex (C5, C6(
• The patient’s hand should rest on the
abdomen, with the forearm partly pronated. • Strike the radius about 1 to 2 inches above the wrist. • Watch for flexion and supination of the forearm. Knee Reflex (L2,L3,L4)
• The patient may be either sitting or lying
down as long as the knee flexed. • Briskly tap the patellar tendon just below the patella. • Note contraction of the quadriceps with extension at knee. • A hand on the patient’s anterior thigh lets you feel this reflex. The Ankle Reflex (primarily S1)
If the patient is sitting, dorsiflex the foot at the
ankle. Persuade the patient to relax. Strike the Achilles tendon. Watch and feel for plantar flexion at the ankle. Reflexes If a reflex is difficult to elicit, try 'reinforcement' (the Jendrassik manoeuvre). Ask the patient to flex their fingers and interlock them with one palm facing upwards and the other facing downwards. Then ask them to try to pull their fingers apart just before you strike the tendon. Interpretation Upper motor neurone lesions usually produce hyperreflexia. Lower motor neurone lesions usually produce a diminished or absent response. SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES
• This group of reflexes includes the plantar
response, the superficial abdominal reflex. • These are polysynaptic reflexes, which are evoked by cutaneous stimulation. The Planter Response (L5, S1)
• With an object such as a key, stroke the lateral
aspect of the sole from the heel to the ball of the foot, curving medially across the ball. • Use the lightest stimulus that will provoke a response, but be increasingly firm necessary. • Note movement of the toes, normally flexion. Notes
Babinski response is normal in infants till
walking. A Babinski response may be seen in unconscious states due to drug or alcohol intoxication. The Abdominal Reflexes
Test the abdominal reflexes by lightly but briskly stroking
each side of the abdomen, above (T8, T9, T10) and below (T10, T1l, T12) the umbilicus, in the directions illustrated. Use a key,wooden end of a cotton-tipped applicator. Note the contraction of the abdominal muscles and deviation of the umbilicus toward the stimulus. Obesity mask an abdominal reflex. In this situation, use your finger to retract the patient’s umbilicus away from the side to be stimulated.
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