Organizing and Displaying of Data

By:
Mr. Ihsan Ullah Wazir
 Presentation of Data
Statistical data are generally presented by:

Tables
- Frequency table
- Cross tabulation

Graphs
- Qualitative data
- Quantitative data
Classification, Summarization &
Organization of Qualitative Data
________________________________________________________________

Response Frequency Relative

Frequency_
Tally Number of
Marks Patients Proportion

Never II 2 2/20=0.10
Few Times III 3 3/20=0.15
Often IIII IIII 9 9/20=0.45
Always IIII I 6 6/20=0.30
_________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.00

Note: Relative frequency can also be presented in times of percentage by

multiplying 100.
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Classification, Summarization & Organization of
Quantitative Data
Number of Cumulative
Living children Tally Frequency Frequency

0 II 2 2
1 III 3 5
2 IIII 5 10
3 IIII 5 15
4 IIII I 6 21
5 IIII 4 25
6 II 2 27
7 II 2 29
8 I 1 30
_______________________________________________
Total 30
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 Frequency Distribution Table
• A frequency distribution is a table that includes a set of intervals and
displays the number of measurement in each interval.

• A Tabular summary of a set of data showing the frequency (or

number) of items in each of several non overlapping (with each data
value belonging to one and only one group) groups
Frequency Table
Age Group Frequency Relative Frequency Cum Ferq Reltiv Cum Fre
(class)
20-30 years 80 80/100=0.80 80 80/100=0.8
31-40 yrs 20 20/100=0.20 100 100/100=1
Total 100 1.0
 Definitions
Class
• One of the categories in which qualitative data can be classified.
• A range of value established to divide quantitative data in to
classes.
Class Frequency
• Number of observations in a data set falling into a particular class.
Tally Marks
• Used to count the number of data items associated with each group.
Conti….
Class Relative Frequency
• Class frequency divided by the total number of observations in the data set.
Relative Frequency = Frequency
Total observations
Cumulative Frequency
• Number of observation in a data set falling below or above particular class inclusive of that
particular class

Relative Cumulative Frequency

• Cumulative frequency divided by the total number of observations in the data set.
Relative cumulative Frequency = Cumulative Frequency
Total observation
Example 1
• A group of Post RN BScN students at the Aga Khan University
School of Nursing conducted a baseline sample survey at a
community for the Emergency obstetric care project. As the
baseline information, the students also asked about the
number of living children per women (15-49 years). The
following data has been collected based on a random sample
of n=30 woman.
2,2,5,3,0,1,3,2,3,4,1,3,4,5,7,
3,2,4,1,0,5,8,6,5,4, 2,4,4,7,6
• Arrange the data in an ascending order
• Find the range of the data; 0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5
,5,6,6,7,7,8
Range = Maximum – Minimum
Range= 8 – 0 = 8
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 Frequency Distribution Table
Class Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative Rel.
(Number of Frequency Frequency Frequency
Living
Children)

0 2 2/30=0.067 2 2/30 = 0.067

1 3 3/30=0.10 5 5/30= 0.167
2 5 5/30=0.167 10 10/30 = 0.33
3 5 5/30=0.167 15 15/30=0.50
4 6 6/30=0.20 21 21/30=0.70
5 4 4/30=0.133 25 25/30=0.833
6 2 2/30=0.067 27 27/30=0.90
7 2 2/30=0.067 29 29/30 =0.967
8 1 1/30=0.03 30 30/30=1.0

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Example 2
Suppose we need to construct a similar frequency table for age
of Diabetic patients coming to a clinic. The following data has
been collected based on random sample of n = 30.
The measurements are:
42,38,51,53,40,68,62,36,32,45,51,67,53,59,47,63,52,64,61,43,56,
58,66,54,56,52,40,55,71,69

Arrange the data in ascending order

32,36,38,40,40,42,43,45,47,51,51,52,52,53,53,54,55,56,56,58,59,
61,62,63,64,66,67,68,69,71
Find the range of the data Range = Max –Min
Range = 71-32 = 39

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 Decide the number of classes
The number of classes or intervals depends on the
number of observations but in general should range
from 5 to 15.

Calculate width of classes

Approximate Class Width = Largest data value – Smallest data value
Number of Classes

Width = range / no. of classes

Width = 39/8 = 4.8 = 5

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 Frequency Distribution Table
Class Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative Rel.
(Number of Frequency Frequency Frequency
Living
Children)

32-37 2 2/30=0.067 2 2/30 = 0.067

37-42 3 3/30=0.100 5 5/30= 0.167
42-47 3 3/30=0.100 8 8/30 = 0.267
47-52 3 3/30=0.100 11 11/30=0.367
52-57 8 8/30=0.267 19 19/30=0.633
57-62 3 3/30=0.100 22 22/30=0.733
62-67 4 4/30=0.134 26 26/30=0.867
67-72 4 4/30=0.134 30 30/30 =1.00
Total 30

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 Cross tabulation (or crosstabs for short)

• It is a statistical process that summarizes categorical data to create a

contingency table /2x2 table
• They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two
variables and can help find interactions between them.
Lung Cancer

+ _

Smoker (a)80 (b)20 100

Smoking
Non (c)20 (d)80 100
Smoker

Total 100 100 200

Sample # Gender Handedness
1Female Right-handed
2Male Left-handed
3Female Right-handed
4Male Right-handed
5Male Left-handed
6Male Right-handed
7Female Right-handed
8Female Left-handed
9Male Right-handed
10Female Right-handed

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• Gender (Male, Female) • Smoking (Smoker, Non-smoker )
1. Male
1. Smoker
2. Female
2. Non-smoker
3. Male
3. Non-smoker
4. Female
4. Smoker
5. Male
5. Smoker
6. Female
6. Non-smoker
7. Male
7. Smoker
8. Female
8. Non-smoker
9. Male
9. Smoker
10. Female
10. Non-smoker
 Gender
Male Female
Smoking Smoker 4 1 5
Non-smoker 1 4 5
total 5 5 10

Smoking
smoker Non-smoker
Gender Male 4 1 5
Female 1 4 5
total 5 5 10
Cross-Tabulation

Left handed Right handed total

Males 2 3 5
Females 1 4 5
• Contingency
total table
3 7 10

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Graphical representation of data
• It gives the reader a nice overview of the essential features of the
data. Graphs are designed to give an intuitive feeling of the data at a
glace.

• Therefore graphs:
• Should be self explanatory
• Must have title
• Must have labeled axis
• Should mention unit of observation
• Should be simple & clean

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Graphical Presentation
• Graphs often make it easier to see certain characteristics and trends
in a set of data.

• Graphs for quantitative data.

• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon
• Stem and Leaf
• Graphs for qualitative data.
• Bar Chart
• Pie Chart

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 Histogram

• Most common graph

• Graphical representation of frequency table
• Consists of a number of bars placed side by side.
• The width of each bar indicates the interval size.
• The height of each bar indicates the frequency of the interval.
• There are no gaps between adjacent bars.
• Continuous nature of quantitative data.
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Shapes of Histograms

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Frequency polygon

•Uses the same axis as histogram

•Constructed by making a point (at the same height as the

histogram’s bar) at the mid point of the class interval
•These points care connected by a straight lines.

•Superior to histograms in providing means of comparing two

frequency distribution.
•They should only be used to graph continuous quantitative data
and never discrete or qualitative data.
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Advantages of polygons:
• The frequency polygon is simpler than its histogram counterpart.
• It sketches an outline of the data more clearly.
• The polygon becomes increasingly smooth and curve like as we
increase the number of classes and the number of observations.
Cumulative
frequency polygon

•Horizontal axis is the same as that is used for

histogram, the vertical scale indicates cumulative
frequency or cumulative relative frequency

•To construct place a point at the upper class

boundary of each class interval. Each point
represents cumulative relative frequency. The graph
is completed by joining the points.

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 Tree and leaf or stem and leaf

• Used to show directly quantitative data.

• We organize data determining the number of divisions
(5-15).
• We plot a vertical line and put the first digit of category
to the left of the line (tree) and the second digit to the
right of the vertical line (leafs).
Bar chart

• Useful for displaying nominal or ordinal data

• Bar graphs have spaces between adjacent bars to represent distinct categories

• Categories are represented along the horizontal axis.

• The height of each bar is equal to the frequency of item for that category.

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 MULTIPLE BAR CHART (VERTICAL)
60

50

ASCITES
40

30

Ascites
20
Yes

10 No
Male Female

GENDER

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 BAR CHART (HORIZONTAL)

Figure 2.2 Bar graph showing the number of students of each category 30
SLIDING BAR CHART

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Pie chart

• Common devise for displaying data arranged in categories

• A circle is divided into wedges that corresponds to the percentage

frequencies of the distribution

• Useful for variables with small number of categories

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 Conti…
There are some other graphs that are used for presentation of
Quantitative data:
• Dot Plot
• Scattered Dot Plot
• Box Plot
 DOT PLOT

A
A

15

Frequency A

10

A A

A A A A
5
A A

A A
A A A A A A

A A A A AA A A A AA A A A A AA A A

0
20 40 60 80

Age
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 SCATTER PLOT
80

70

60

50

40
Age

30
40 50 60 70 80 90

Weight

35
Thank you