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    Lecture No. 23

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    imtiazmwt99
    The document discusses the scientific revolution which lasted from 1540 to 1690. It outlines key factors that drove the revolution including the establishment of universities, influence of the Renaissance, and navigational problems of sea voyages. It also discusses Copernicus' heliocentric theory and the reaction to it, as well as the rise of the scientific community and its relationship to the state.

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    Lecture No. 23

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    imtiazmwt99
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    The document discusses the scientific revolution which lasted from 1540 to 1690. It outlines key factors that drove the revolution including the establishment of universities, influence of the Renaissance, and navigational problems of sea voyages. It also discusses Copernicus' heliocentric theory and the reaction to it, as well as the rise of the scientific community and its relationship to the state.

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    The document discusses the scientific revolution which lasted from 1540 to 1690. It outlines key factors that drove the revolution including the establishment of universities, influence of the Renaissance, and navigational problems of sea voyages. It also discusses Copernicus' heliocentric theory and the reaction to it, as well as the rise of the scientific community and its relationship to the state.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views14 pages

    Lecture No. 23

    Uploaded by

    imtiazmwt99
    The document discusses the scientific revolution which lasted from 1540 to 1690. It outlines key factors that drove the revolution including the establishment of universities, influence of the Renaissance, and navigational problems of sea voyages. It also discusses Copernicus' heliocentric theory and the reaction to it, as well as the rise of the scientific community and its relationship to the state.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    BA/C&T

    Lecture No. 23

    Topic: Scientific Revolution


    Imtiaz Khan
    What is natural philosophy
    An early modern term for the study of the nature
    of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned;
    it encompassed what we call “science” today.
    Introduction:
    The scientific revolution,
    which lasted roughly from
    1540 to 1690, was “the real
    origin both of the modern
    world and the modern
    mentality.” Through new
    methods of investigating the
    physical world, Western
    society began to come to a
    new understanding of
    astronomy, physics, and
    medicine based on both
    experimentation and
    reasoning.
    Origins of the Scientific
    Revolution
    The first important driver of the scientific
    revolution was the medieval university. By
    the thirteenth century permanent
    universities had been established in
    western Europe. In the fourteenth and
    fifteenth centuries leading universities
    established new professorships of
    mathematics, astronomy, and physics
    (natural philosophy) within their faculties of
    philosophy. Although the prestige of the
    new fields was low, a permanent
    community of scholars was now focused on
    investigating scientific problems
    The Renaissance
    Second, the Renaissance also stimulated scientific
    progress. Renaissance patrons played a role in
    funding scientific investigations, as they did art and
    literature. The goal of exploration in late fifteenth
    and sixteenth centuries was not only to find
    wealth and Christian converts, but also to increase
    Europeans’ knowledge about the wider world.
    In addition, Renaissance artists’ turn toward realism and their use of geometry to
    convey three-dimensional perspective encouraged scholars to practice close
    observation and to use mathematics to describe the natural world.
    Furthermore, the Renaissance rise of printing provided a faster and less
    expensive way to circulate knowledge across Europe.
    The navigational
    problems
    The navigational problems of long
    sea voyages in the age of overseas
    expansion were a third factor in the
    scientific revolution. To help solve
    these problems, inventors
    developed many new scientific
    instruments, such as the telescope,
    barometer, thermometer,
    pendulum clock, microscope, and
    air pump. Better instruments,
    which permitted more accurate
    observations, often led to
    important new knowledge.
    The Breakthrough
    - Copernican
    Hypothesis

    Copernicus theorized that


    the stars and planets,
    including the earth,
    revolved around a fixed
    sun. Fearing the ridicule of
    other astronomers,
    Copernicus did not publish
    his On the Revolutions of
    the Heavenly Spheres until
    1543, the year of his
    death.
    Reaction There was a sharp attacks
    from religious leaders,
    especially Protestants,
    who objected to the idea
    that the earth moved but
    the sun did not. Protestant
    leaders John Calvin and
    Martin Luther condemned
    Copernicus. Luther noted
    that the theory was
    counter to the Bible: “as
    the Holy Scripture tells us,
    so did Joshua bid the sun
    stand still and not the
    earth"
    Science and Society

    First, it led to the rise of a new and expanding social group — the
    international scientific community. Members of this community were
    linked together by common interests and shared values as well as by
    journals and learned scientific societies. The personal success of
    scientists and scholars depended on making new discoveries, and as a
    result science became competitive.
    Second, as governments intervened to support and sometimes direct
    research, the new scientific community became closely tied to the
    state and its agendas. National academies of science were created
    under state sponsorship in London in 1662, Paris in 1666, Berlin in
    1700, and later across Europe.
    At the same time, some scientists developed a critical attitude toward
    established authority that would inspire thinkers to question traditions
    in other domains as well, such as politics and religion
    THANK
    YOU – ANY
    QUESTION
    S?

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