Writing Arguments English Educational Presentation in Brown and Yellow Lined Cartoon Style

Writing Arguments
with Valid Reasoning and Sufficient Evidence

Lesson Target
Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish them from alternate or
01 opposing claims, and establish clear relationships among

claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.
02 Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying

evidence for each while acknowledging strengths and
limitations.
Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify
03 relationships between claim(s), reasons, evidence, and
counterclaims.
What is a Claim?
A claim is a statement or proposition put forward as true, supported by evidence and
reasoning. It is the main argument or point of view that the writer is advocating.
In argumentative writing, claims serve as the backbone of the argument and should
be precise, specific, and focused. They provide a clear direction for the entire piece
of writing.
Differentiating
Claims
Start by clearly identifying the Counterclaims are opposing Put yourself in the shoes of
main claim or the primary viewpoints that challenge your someone who holds an opposing
argument you are presenting. The main claim. These counterclaims viewpoint. Think about the
main claim represents your present alternative perspectives different reasons, evidence, or
position or viewpoint on the or arguments that can challenge logic they might use to support
topic or issue you are addressing. your position. their position.
Differentiating
Claims
Recognize the existence of Differentiate your main claim Address counterclaims directly
counterclaims by explicitly from counterclaims by analyzing within your argument. Provide a
acknowledging them. This shows their opposing elements. Look thoughtful response that refutes
fairness, credibility, and a for the fundamental differences or counters the opposing
thoughtful consideration of in the underlying reasoning, viewpoint using valid reasoning
multiple perspectives. evidence, values, or conclusions. and evidence.
Note
It is essential to distinguish the claim(s) from
Note
A well-structured argument establishes clear
opposing claims. This involves recognizing relationships among claims, counterclaims,
different viewpoints related to the topic being reasons, and evidence. This includes
discussed. By acknowledging alternate claims, demonstrating how claims support the main
the writer demonstrates an understanding of the argument, addressing counterarguments,
complexity of the topic and strengthens their own presenting supporting reasons, and providing
argument by addressing potential evidence that strengthens the overall argument.
counterarguments.
For Example:
Suppose the topic is whether students should be allowed to use mobile phones in school.
The claim could be: Counterclaims might include:
"Students should be "Mobile phones

allowed to use distract students
mobile phones in from learning."
school."
Establishing clear relationships among these claims involves presenting evidence and
reasoning to support the main claim while acknowledging and addressing the
counterclaims.
Organizing
Arguments
Effective organization is crucial in argumentative writing as it
helps convey the writer's message clearly and persuasively.
A well-structured argument allows readers to follow the logical

progression of ideas, understand the relationships between
different elements of the argument, and grasp the overall
coherence of the writing. This can be done using various
organizational strategies, such as Toulmin Model.
Toulmin Model
The Toulmin model is a widely used framework for
organizing arguments.
It consists of six elements: claim, grounds (reasons),

warrant (the underlying assumption or principle that
connects the claim and reasons), backing (additional
support for the warrant), qualifiers (words that indicate the
strength or limitations of the claim), and rebuttals
(counterarguments).
This framework helps structure and reinforce arguments

by providing a logical and persuasive structure.
The grounds, also known as reasons or
04 Backing 01 evidence, provide support for the claim.
Qualifiers indicate the degree of confidence or

02 strength of the claim.
05 Warrant
Claim is the main argument being made. It
03 states the position of the writer.
01 Grounds 02 Qualifier
The backing provides additional support or
04 evidence for the warrant.
03 Claim The warrant connects the grounds to the claim

05 by providing the underlying reasoning.
Rebuttals address potential counterarguments

06 Rebuttal 06 or opposing viewpoints.
Fair and Balanced
Arguments
In persuasive writing, it is crucial to develop fair and
balanced arguments to present a comprehensive view of
the topic. This approach demonstrates intellectual honesty,
credibility, and respect for differing perspectives.
Developing fair arguments also increases the
persuasiveness of the overall message.
Note
To develop fair arguments, it is necessary to
Note
It is essential to acknowledge the strengths and
provide evidence for both the main claim(s) and limitations of both the main claim(s) and
counterclaims. Each claim and counterclaim counterclaims. By doing so, the writer
should be supported by relevant and sufficient demonstrates a thorough understanding of the
evidence. This evidence can include facts, topic and builds credibility. Pointing out
statistics, research studies, expert opinions, strengths enhances the persuasiveness of the
examples, or anecdotes. main claim(s).
For Example:
Suppose the topic is whether students should have part-time jobs while in high school.
In developing fair and balanced Simultaneously, acknowledging

arguments, one might present counterarguments helps
evidence in favor of students demonstrate a fair and
having part-time jobs. thoughtful approach.
improved time potential negative

management and effects on academic
financial performance
responsibility
Let's Argue
Activity: Debate - Reading Using a Book versus Reading on a Screen
Form two teams: Team Research and prepare Participate in the debate
Book and Team Screen. your arguments, by presenting opening
You will be assigned a focusing on evidence, statements, engaging in
specific viewpoint to examples, and logical rebuttals, and providing
argue for throughout the reasoning to support supporting evidence.
debate. your assigned
viewpoint.
Thank you for listening
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Writing Arguments

with Valid Reasoning and Sufficient Evidence

01 opposing claims, and establish clear relationships among

02 Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying

The claim could be: Counterclaims might include:

"Students should be "Mobile phones

A well-structured argument allows readers to follow the logical

It consists of six elements: claim, grounds (reasons),

This framework helps structure and reinforce arguments

Qualifiers indicate the degree of confidence or

03 Claim The warrant connects the grounds to the claim

Rebuttals address potential counterarguments

In developing fair and balanced Simultaneously, acknowledging

improved time potential negative

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