Concepts of Wellbeing

Concepts of wellbeing
What is meant by well being ?

Recently psychologists have pointed out that the
wellbeing of an individual or group of individuals have
objective and subjective components
The objective components are:
-standard of living
-level of living
The subjective component is “quality of life”
1.Standard of living
WHO defines standard of living as income and
occupation ,standards of housing, sanitation and
nutrition, the level of provision of health ,
educational, recreational and other services may all be
used individually as measure of socio economic status
and collectively as an index of the standard of living.
An evaluation of standards of living
commonly includes following factors :
Income
Quality and availability of employment
Class disparity
Quality and affordability of housing
Hours of work required to purchase necessities
Gross domestic product
Affordable access to quality health care
Quality and availability of education
Life expectancy
Incidence of disease
National economic growth
Environment quality
When the standards of living is low the health status is

low making them vulnerable to communicable
diseases thereby reducing productivity.
Natural history of disease
recovery
exposureeg
Host disease disability
wiuwgi4e
death
Natural history of disease refers to the progress of a
disease in an individual over time, in the absence of
intervention.
The process begins with exposure to or accumulation
of factors capable of causing disease
Without medical intervention the process ends with
-Recovery
-disability
-death
Concepts of prevention and control
Prevention; Definition and Concept
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or
minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if
none of these are feasible, retarding the progress of the
disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the
context of levels, traditionally called primary,
secondary and tertiary prevention. A fourth level,
called primordial prevention, was later added.
Determinants of Prevention
 Successful prevention depends upon:a knowledge of
causation,
 dynamics of transmission,
 identification of risk factors and risk groups,
 availability of prophylactic or early detection and
treatment measures,
 an organization for applying these measures to
appropriate persons or groups and continuous
evaluation of and development of procedures applied
Preventable Causes of Disease BEINGS
Biological factors and Behavioral Factors
Environmental factors
Immunologic factorsNutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services, Social factors, and Spiritual factors
Levels of prevention
Level of prevention are classified into 4 stages
1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention
Primordial prevention is defined as prevention of risk
factors themselves, beginning with change in social

and environmental conditions in which these factors
are observed to develop, and continuing for high risk
children, adolescents and young adults.
Examples of primordial prevention National policies
and programs on nutrition involving the agricultural

sector, the food industry, and the food import-export
sector Comprehensive policies to discourage smoking
Programs to promote regular physical activity Making
major changes in lifestyle.It is the prevention of the
development of the risk factors.
Primary prevention
Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken
prior to the onset of disease, which removes the

possibility that the disease will ever occur.
Primary prevention may be accomplished by measures
of-1.)Health promotion
2.)Specific protection
 a.)Health Promotion
It is the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants

of health and thereby improve their health. Health promotion is directed
towards strengthening the host. Main aims of health promotion is to enable
people to increase control over health & to improve the over all health
The aim can be achieved by the following intervention: health education,

environmental modification, behavioral changes, life style change,
nutritional intervention etc..Health education to improve healthy habits
and health consciousness in the community
2).Specific protection Efforts directed toward
protection against specific diseases. The provision of

conditions for normal mental & physical functioning
of the human beings & in group. It includes the
promotion of health, prevention of sickness,& care of
individuals
3.Secondary prevention
It is defined as "an action which halts the progress of a
disease at its incipient stage and prevents
complications. "The specific interventions are:
A) early diagnosis (e.g. Screening tests, case findings,
breast self examination, pap smear test, radiographic
examinations etc.
B) adequate treatment
C)referral
Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease process,
restore health by seeking out unrecognized disease and
treating it before irreversible pathological changes take place,
and reverse communicability of infectious diseases.
It protects others in the community from acquiring the

infection and thus provide at once secondary prevention for the
infected ones and primary prevention for their potential
contacts.
Objectives of secondary prevention
 Complete cure and prevent the progression of disease
process.
 To prevent the spreads of disease by curing all the
known cases.
 To prevent the complications and sequel of disease.
i)Early Diagnosis The Disease complications can be
prevented & Health can be Restored by Diagnosing the
Disease at it's Early stages & by providing the adequate
Treatment according to the Health problem.
 Includes:- Arrests/Stops the Disease Process.
 Restore the Health
Treat the Disease before Irreversible pathological
changes occur.
Reverse the Communicability of infectious Disease.
Screening Surveys (urine Examination for Diabetes
Tertiary prevention : It is used when the disease
process has advanced beyond its early stages. It is
defined as "all the measures available to reduce or limit
impairments and disabilities, and to promote the
patients' adjustment to irremediable conditions.
Intervention that should be accomplished in the stage
of tertiary prevention are-
 Disability limitation
 Rehabilitation
Modes of intervention health policy and
goals
Types of intervention
Vaccines
Nutritional interventions
Maternal and neonatal interventions
Education and behaviour change
Environmental alteration
Drugs for prevention of disease

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Concepts of wellbeing

What is meant by well being ?

When the standards of living is low the health status is

factors themselves, beginning with change in social

and programs on nutrition involving the agricultural

prior to the onset of disease, which removes the

It is the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants

The aim can be achieved by the following intervention: health education,

protection against specific diseases. The provision of

It protects others in the community from acquiring the

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