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    Project Report #3

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Project Report #3

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anas
    7 views9 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views9 pages

    Project Report #3

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Anas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Project Report #3: Audio

    Frequency Filter
    MUHAMMAD ZAWAR SARWAR
    BIKRANTH MILOTHRA
    Explanation:
    • The primary goal of this project is to design and implement a three-band pass
    audio filter covering a frequency range from 1kHz to 10kHz. This filter will allow
    the selective passage of frequencies within three distinct bands centered
    around 3kHz, 5kHz, and 7kHz, while attenuating frequencies outside these
    bands. Achieving this goal involves designing and constructing RC (Resistor-
    Capacitor) low pass and high pass circuits tailored to each band's desired
    frequency response.
    Cutoff Frequency Formula:
    For a given resistance value R and capacitance value C, we can
    calculate the cutoff frequency using the formula:
    f=1/2πRC

    RC Low-Pass Filter:
    A low-pass filter allows frequencies below a certain cutoff
    frequency to pass through while attenuating frequencies above
    it. It consists of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in
    series, with the output taken across the capacitor.

    At frequencies much lower than the cutoff frequency, the


    reactance of the capacitor is high compared to the resistance,
    allowing the capacitor to effectively short-circuit the input
    signal. As a result, almost the entire input signal voltage
    appears across the output, and the output voltage is nearly
    equal to the input voltage.
    At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of the capacitor
    becomes much lower compared to the resistance, allowing most of the input signal to pass
    through the resistor to the ground. As a result, the output voltage drops significantly,
    attenuating higher frequency components of the input signal.

    - RC High-Pass Filter:

    An RC high pass filter, on the other hand, allows signals with frequencies
    above a certain cutoff frequency to pass through unaffected, while
    attenuating signals with frequencies below the cutoff. It also consists of a
    resistor and a capacitor, but this time, the resistor is connected to the
    input signal and the capacitor is connected to the ground. The output is
    taken across the resistor.
    At frequencies much lower than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of the
    capacitor is high compared to the resistance, allowing almost all of the
    input signal voltage to appear across the output resistor. As a result, the
    output voltage is nearly equal to the input voltage.
    At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of
    the capacitor becomes much lower compared to the resistance, causing
    most of the input signal to pass through the capacitor to the ground.
    Consequently, the output voltage drops significantly, attenuating lower
    frequency components of the input signal

    Equipment Required:
    - Signal Generator(Audio Jack)
    - 6 Capacitors (3 100nF & 3 1nF)
    - 6 Potentiometers/Rheostats (100k)
    - Breadboard
    - Wires
    Possible Mistakes:
    a) Incorrect Component Values: Selecting incorrect resistor or capacitor
    values can lead to incorrect filter characteristics, such as incorrect cutoff
    frequencies or inadequate attenuation of unwanted frequencies.
    b) Noise and Interference: External noise and interference can affect the
    filter's performance, especially if the circuit layout and grounding are not
    appropriately designed to minimize these effects.

    Possibility of Error:
    Errors may arise in detecting the filter's output because it
    is a purely passive filter, lacking amplification. Therefore, its gain
    will be less than 1, making it difficult to detect the output without
    amplification. This can be improved by amplifying the output using
    transistors.
    Choice of Simulation Software:
    Software used for simulation in this project will be LT Spice. This is because LT spice
    offers accurate AC simulation, versatile tools, and an extensive component library, making it
    ideal for designing and optimizing RC band pass filters for audio applications.
    Proposed Circuit:
    Simulated Output:

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