ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

(ST-501)

BY
DR. IFFAT SIDDIQUE

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE-PAKISTAN
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
General Description
• It is a general method by which all beams and rigid frames, whether statically determinate or
indeterminate, can be analyzed under the assumption that all deformation is due to the effect of
bending moment only.
• This method can be used for the analysis of beams and frames.
 Due to its generality, a computer program can be formulated, thus making it useful in the
solution of both determinate and indeterminate problems
 The most striking feature of the slope deflection method is that the rotational and translations
displacements of the rigid joints are taken as the primary unknowns and their values are
determined prior to those of the bending moments at the member ends.
 In this way the degree of indeterminacy is no longer valid as the case for force method.
 In slope deflection method relative values of moment of inertia are used when no yielding of
support. however in case of yielding of supports, absolute values are used.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
General Description
 All structures must satisfy equilibrium, load-displacement, and compatibility of displacements requirements in order to
ensure their safety.
 There are two different ways to satisfy these requirements when analyzing a statically indeterminate structure.
 The force method of analysis, discussed previously, is based on identifying the unknown redundant forces and then
satisfying the structure’s compatibility equations.
 This is done by expressing the displacements in terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations.
 The solution of the resultant equations yields the redundant reactions, and then the equilibrium equations are used to
determine the remaining reactions on the structure.
 The displacement method works the opposite way. it first requires satisfying equilibrium equations for the structure.
 To do this the unknown displacements are written in terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations, then these
equations are solved for the displacements.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
General Description

 Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads are determined from the compatibility equations
using the load-displacement relations.
 Every displacement method follows this general procedure.
 In the discussion that follows we will show how to identify the unknown displacements in a structure and we
will develop some of the important load-displacement relations for beam and frame members.
 The results will be used as the basis for applying the displacement method of analysis.
DOF’S
 When a structure is loaded, specified points on it, called
nodes, will undergo unknown displacements.

 These displacements are referred to as the degrees of

freedom for the structure, and in the displacement method
of analysis it is important to specify these degrees of
freedom since they become the unknowns when the
method is applied.
DOF’S
 The number of these unknowns is referred to as the degree
in which the structure is kinematically indeterminate.

 To determine the kinematic indeterminacy we can imagine

the structure to consist of a series of
members connected to nodes, which are usually located at
joints, supports, at the ends of a member,
or where the members have a sudden change in cross
section.
DOF’S
 In three dimensions, each node on a frame or beam can
have at most three linear displacements and three rotational
displacements; and in two dimensions, each node can have
at most two linear displacements and one rotational
displacement.
 Furthermore, nodal displacements may be restricted by the
supports, or due to assumptions based on the behavior of
the structure.
 For example, if the structure is a beam and only
deformation due to bending is considered, then there can
be no linear displacement along the axis of the beam since
this displacement is caused by axial-force deformation.
 To clarify these concepts we will consider some examples,
beginning with the beam in Fig. 11-1a.
 Here any load P applied to the beam will cause node A
only to rotate (neglecting axial deformation), while node B
is completely restricted from moving. Hence the beam has
only one unknown degree of freedom, θA, and is therefore
kinematically indeterminate to the first degree.
DOF’S
 The beam in Fig. 11-1b has nodes at A, B, and C, and so
has four degrees of freedom, designated by the rotational
displacements θA, θB, θC, and the vertical displacement ΔC.
 It is kinematically indeterminate to the fourth degree.
 Consider now the frame in Fig. 11-1c. Again, if we neglect
axial deformation of the members, an arbitrary loading P
applied to the frame can cause nodes B and C to rotate, and
these nodes can be displaced horizontally by an equal
amount.
 The frame therefore has three degrees of freedom, θB, θC,
ΔB, and thus it is kinematically indeterminate to the third
degree.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
General Description
 In summary, specifying the kinematic indeterminacy or the number of unconstrained degrees of
freedom for the structure is a necessary first step when applying a displacement method of
analysis.
 It identifies the number of unknowns in the problem, based on the assumptions made regarding
the deformation behavior of the structure.
 Furthermore, once these nodal displacements are known, the deformation of the structural
members can be completely specified, and the loadings within the members obtained.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
Kinematic indeterminacy
 In summary, specifying the kinematic indeterminacy or the number of unconstrained degrees of
freedom for the structure is a necessary first step when applying a displacement method of
analysis.
 It identifies the number of unknowns in the problem, based on the assumptions made regarding
the deformation behavior of the structure.
 Furthermore, once these nodal displacements are known, the deformation of the structural
members can be completely specified, and the loadings within the members obtained.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
General Description
 The rotation or displacement at a particular joint is called Kinematic Indeterminacy.
 In propped cantilever beam, K.I is equal to 1
 In simply supported beam, K.I is equal to 2
 In Cantilever beam, K.I is equal to 2.
 As a simple example to show the merits of slope deflection
method. Consider a loaded rigid frame shown.
 This rigid frame is statically determinate to 6 th degree.
 The force method could be used but it will be very
laborious.
 Because this rigid frame is kept from horizontal movement
by the fixed support at “A” and from vertical movement by
the fixed bases at “D” and “E”.
 Since the axial deformation is neglected hence all the five
joints will remain in their original locations.
 Clock wise joints rotations θB and θC are considered to be
positive as shown in the figure.
 The free body diagram of all members are shown.
 In the figure it may be noticed that at any one end of each
member, there may be three forces, direct pull or thrust,
shear and end moment.
 Let the eight moments acting at the ends of the four member
are clockwise (positive).
 It is possible to express the two end moments acting on each
member in terms of the two unknown joints rotations θB and
θC .
 Thus all the eight moments can be written in terms of
rotations. of the two unknown joints rotations θB and θC .
 The free body diagram of joint “B” and “C” is shown.
 The action of member on the joint consists of a force in the
direction of member axis, a force transverse to the member
axis and a moment, each being opposite to the action of the
joint on the member.
 For Joints “B” & “C” we may write.
 MBA+MBC+MBD=0
 MCB+ MCE=0
 The above two equations are necessary and sufficient to
determine the values of θB and θC .
 All the end moments can then be found by substituting the
known joint rotation back to slope deflection method.
 Finally by using simple statics, the axial force, shears and
moments in each member can be determined.
 When the results of the analysis satisfies both statics and
compatibility, their correctness is assured.
Derivation- Simple Case
 The slope deflection equaiton for simple case is derived in W1 W2
this section. MA MB
 In simple case a line joining the ends of the elastic curve A-A’ B-B’
ƟB
A’B’ either coincides with the original member axis AB or ƟA
is still parallel to it.
 Thus there is no rotation of the member axis.
 Since for simple case no member axis rotation, hence the
target is to represent the moments MA and MB in terms of Simple Case
ƟA and ƟB and the loads acting on member AB.
 The figure shown on the right can be further subdivided
into two figures as shown in the next slide.
Derivation- Simple Case
 These two subdivisions are fixed condition and joint W1 W2
force condition. MA MB
 Addition of these two conditions will give actual A-A’ B-B’
ƟB
condition. ƟA

 Hence we can write

 MA= M0A + M′A (1)
 MB= M0B + M′B (2) =
 The fixed ended moments M0A and M0B can be M0A W1 W2 M0B
separately determined by the force method studied
earlier. ƟA=0 ƟB=0
B
 However for simplified shapes the fixed ended A
Fixed condition
moments can be determined from general formulae. MA’ + MB’
 The end moments M’A and M’B req. to maintain A ƟB
slopes ƟA and ƟB can be obtained as: ƟA B

Joint Force Cond

Derivation- Simple Case
 Using conjugate beam method we may write as
follows
MA’ MB’
A ƟB
= - (3) ƟA B

MA’ =
A
=- + (4) ƟA1 ƟB1 B
 Using equations 3 and 4 into equations 1 and 2. We
will get
+ MB’
MA = M0A + () (2ƟA + ƟB)
ƟA2 ƟB2
A B

MB = M0B + () (2ƟB + ƟA)

In general
Mnear end = M0(near end) + () (2Ɵ(near end) + Ɵ(far end))
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
Steps for Analysis
1. Mark unique number at the end of each segment of the beam or frame bounded between two supports.
2. Use unique alphabet for each support.
3. Draw the fbd of each segment of the beam having two ends with unique number.
4. Calculate the fixed ended moments for each segment.
5. Using slope deflection equations, write all the moments in terms of thetas.
6. Write down the compatibility conditions available and solve the equations obtained in step 5 for
unknown rotations.
• Once unknown rotations are calculated, use the same into the equations obtained in step no. 5 to
calculate the unknown moments.
8. Calculate vertical reactions obtained from moment obtained in the above step
9. Also calculate the vertical reactions from free body diagram.
10. Super impose the two vertical reactions (from step 8 & 9) to obtain final reactions.
11. Draw SFD and BMD.