Governor Genrals of Bengal

GOVERNOR
GENERALS OF
BENGAL
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 First Governor-General of Bengal
 End to the dual system of administration
 Regulating Act of 1773
 Supreme Court at Calcutta
 Asiatic Society of Bengal
 First Anglo-Maratha War and Treaty of Salbai Warren Hastings

1772-1785
 First English translation of Bhagavad Gita
 Pitt’s India Act-178

GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 Establishment of Appellate courts and

lower grade courts
 Establishment of Sanskrit college
 Third Anglo-Mysore War and Treaty of

Seringapatam
 Introduction of Permanent Settlement and

civil services Lord Cornwallis
1786-1793
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 Charter act of 1793
 First civil servant to become governor

generals
 Policy of Non-intervention
Sir John Shore

1793-1798
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance System
 Fourth Anglo- Mysore war and the Treaty of

Bassein
 Second Anglo – Maratha war
 Establishment of Madras presidency
 Establishing Fort William College at Calcutta

Lord Wellesley
1798-1805
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 The Acting Governor-General of India until

the arrival of Lord Minto,
 Diminished the area of British territory

because of his passion for economy and
retrenchment,
 The Mutiny of Vellore took place in 1806
Sir George Barlow

1805-1807
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 Concluded the treaty of Amritsar

with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1809,
 Introduced the Charter Act of 1813
Lord Minto I
1807-1813
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 The policy of Non-intervention came to an

end
 third Anglo-Maratha war
 Abolition of Peshwaship
 Establishment of the Ryotwari System in

Madras (By Thomas Munroe) and Bombay
 Mahalwari system in north-western Provinces Lord Hastings

and Bombay
1813-1823
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 The annexation of Assam leading to the

first Burmese war of 1824,
 The mutiny of Barrackpore in 1824
Lord Amherst
1823-1828
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 First Governor-General of India (Charter Act

of 1833 made Governor-General of Bengal as
Governor-General of India.)
 Abolition of Sati
 Suppression of Thugs, infanticide and child

sacrifices.
 English Education Act of 1835

Lord William Bentinck
 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata . 1828-1835
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 ‘Liberator of the Indian press  Dedicated himself to the improvement
of native schools and the expansion of
the commercial industry of India
 The first Anglo-Afghan war
Lord Charles Metcalfe

1835-1836
Lord Auckland
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 Sindh was annexed.  First Anglo Sikh War (1845-46)
Lord Ellenborough Lord Hardinge I

1842-1844 1844-1848
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 introduced ‘Doctrine of Lapse‘
 Doctrine of Good
 Charles Wood Dispatch
 Post Office Act, 1854
 1st Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
 Established engineering college in Roorkee
 Second Anglo-Sikh War

Lord Dalhousie
1848-1856
 Annexation of Burma
GOVERNOR GENERAL OF
BENGAL
 First telegraph line
 Establishment of the Public Works

Department
 Abolition of titles and pensions.
 Started Competitive examination for Indian

Civil Services
 Widow Remarriage Act

Lord Dalhousie
1848-1856
REVOLT OF 1857
 The cumulative effect of British

expansionist policies, economic
exploitation and administrative
innovations over the years had
adversely affected the positions of all—
rulers of Indian states, sepoys,
zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans,
pundits, maulvis, etc.
 The simmering discontent burst in the

form of a violent storm in 1857 which
shook the British empire in India to its
very foundations.
REVOLT OF 1857
Causes of The Revolt
 Political Cause
 British policy of expansion: The political causes

of the revolt were the British policy of expansion
through the Doctrine of Lapse and direct
annexation.
 A large number of Indian rulers and chiefs were

dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of
other ruling families who apprehended a similar
fate.
 Rani Lakshmi Bai’s adopted son was not

permitted to sit on the throne of Jhansi.
REVOLT OF 1857
Causes of The Revolt
 Satara (1848), Nagpur (1854) and
Jhansi (1853) were annexed under
the Doctrine of Lapse.
 Jaitpur, Sambalpur- (1849) and

Udaipur (1852) were also annexed.
 The annexation of Awadh (1856) by

Lord Dalhousie on the pretext of
maladministration left thousands of
nobles, officials, retainers and
soldiers jobless. This measure
converted Awadh, a loyal state, into
a hotbed of discontent and intrigue.
REVOLT OF 1857
Doctrine of lapse:
 The notable British technique called the
Doctrine of Lapse was first perpetrated
by Lord Dalhousie in the late 1840s.
 It involved the British prohibiting a

Hindu ruler without a natural heir from
adopting a successor and, after the ruler
died or abdicated, annexing his land.
 To those problems added the growing

discontent of the Brahmans, many of
whom had been dispossessed of their
revenues or had lost lucrative positions.
REVOLT OF 1857
Social and Religious Cause

 The rapidly spreading Western Civilisation in India was alarming concerns
all over the country.
 An act in 1850 changed the Hindu law of inheritance enabling a Hindu who
had converted into Christianity to inherit his ancestral properties.
 The people were convinced that the Government was planning to convert
Indians to Christianity.
 The abolition of practices like sati and female infanticide, and the
legislation legalizing widow remarriage, were believed as threats to the
established social structure.
 Introducing western methods of education was directly challenging the
orthodoxy for Hindus as well as Muslims
 Even the introduction of the railways and telegraph was viewed with
suspicion..
REVOLT OF 1857
Economic Cause
 In rural areas, peasants and zamindars were infuriated by the heavy taxes on
land and the stringent methods of revenue collection followed by the Company.
 Many among these groups were unable to meet the heavy revenue demands
and repay their loans to money lenders, eventually losing the lands that they
had held for generations.
 Large numbers of sepoys belonged to the peasantry class and had family ties in
villages, so the grievances of the peasants also affected them.
 After the Industrial Revolution in England, there was an influx of British
manufactured goods into India, which ruined industries, particularly the textile
industry of India.
 Indian handicraft industries had to compete with cheap machine- made goods
from Britain..
REVOLT OF 1857
Military Causes
 The Revolt of 1857 began as a sepoy mutiny:
 Indian sepoys formed more than 87% of the
British troops in India but were considered
inferior to British soldiers.
 An Indian sepoy was paid less than a European
sepoy of the same rank.
 They were required to serve in areas far away
from their homes.
 In 1856 Lord Canning issued the General
Services Enlistment Act which required that
the sepoys must be ready to serve even in
British land across the sea.
REVOLT OF 1857
Immediate Cause
 The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out
over the incident of greased cartridges.
 A rumour spread that the cartridges of

the new enfield rifles were greased with
the fat of cows and pigs.
 Before loading these rifles the sepoys

had to bite off the paper on the
cartridges.
 Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused

to use them.
REVOLT OF 1857
 Lucknow: it was the capital of Awadh. Begum Hazrat Mahal,

one of the begums of the ex-king of Awadh, took up the
leadership of the revolt.
 Kanpur: the revolt was led by Nana Saheb, the adopted son of
Peshwa Baji Rao II.
 Jhansi: the twenty-two-year-old Rani Lakshmi Bai led the rebels

when the British refused to accept the claim of her adopted
son to the throne of Jhansi.
 Bihar: the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh who belonged to a

royal house of Jagdispur, Bihar.
REVOLT OF 1857
REVOLT OF 1857
Why did the Revolt Fail?
 Limited uprising
 No effective leadership
 Limited resources
 No participation of the middle class
REVOLT OF 1857
Results of The Revolt
 End of company rule

 Direct rule of the British Crown:
a) India now came under the direct rule of the British Crown.
b) This was announced by Lord Canning at a Durbar in Allahabad in a
proclamation issued on 1 November 1858 in the name of the Queen.
c) The Indian administration was taken over by Queen Victoria, which, in
effect, meant the British Parliament.Limited resources
 Religious tolerance
REVOLT OF 1857
Results of The Revolt
 Administrative change
a) the Governor General’s office was replaced by that of the Viceroy.
b) The rights of Indian rulers were recognised.
c) The Doctrine of Lapse was abolished.
d) The right to adopt sons as legal heirs was accepted.
 Military reorganisation: the ratio of British officers to Indian

soldiers increased but the armoury remained in the hands of the English.
It was arranged to end the dominance of the Bengal army.
REVOLT OF 1857
Books written on the Revolt of 1857

 The Indian War of Independence by Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar
 Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium by Puran Chand Joshi
 The Indian Mutiny of 1857 by George Bruce Malleson
 Great Mutiny by Christopher Hibbert
 Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857 by Iqbal
Hussain
 Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of
Independence by Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan.
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GOVERNOR

 End to the dual system of administration

 Regulating Act of 1773

 Supreme Court at Calcutta

 Asiatic Society of Bengal

 First Anglo-Maratha War and Treaty of Salbai Warren Hastings

 Pitt’s India Act-178

 Establishment of Appellate courts and

 Establishment of Sanskrit college

 Third Anglo-Mysore War and Treaty of

 Introduction of Permanent Settlement and

 First civil servant to become governor

Sir John Shore

 Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance System

 Fourth Anglo- Mysore war and the Treaty of

 Second Anglo – Maratha war

 Establishment of Madras presidency

 Establishing Fort William College at Calcutta

 The Acting Governor-General of India until

 Diminished the area of British territory

 The Mutiny of Vellore took place in 1806

Sir George Barlow

 Concluded the treaty of Amritsar

 Introduced the Charter Act of 1813

 The policy of Non-intervention came to an

 third Anglo-Maratha war

 Establishment of the Ryotwari System in

 Mahalwari system in north-western Provinces Lord Hastings

 The annexation of Assam leading to the

 The mutiny of Barrackpore in 1824

 First Governor-General of India (Charter Act

 Suppression of Thugs, infanticide and child

 English Education Act of 1835

 The first Anglo-Afghan war

Lord Charles Metcalfe

Lord Ellenborough Lord Hardinge I

 Charles Wood Dispatch

 Post Office Act, 1854

 1st Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane

 Established engineering college in Roorkee

 Second Anglo-Sikh War

 Establishment of the Public Works

 Abolition of titles and pensions.

 Started Competitive examination for Indian

 Widow Remarriage Act

 The cumulative effect of British

 The simmering discontent burst in the

 British policy of expansion: The political causes

 A large number of Indian rulers and chiefs were

 Rani Lakshmi Bai’s adopted son was not

 Jaitpur, Sambalpur- (1849) and

 The annexation of Awadh (1856) by

 It involved the British prohibiting a

 To those problems added the growing

Social and Religious Cause

 A rumour spread that the cartridges of

 Before loading these rifles the sepoys

 Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused

 Lucknow: it was the capital of Awadh. Begum Hazrat Mahal,