Human Digestive System

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Dr. B. Suresh Chander Kapali,

Assistant Professor,
Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Easwari Engineering College
OVERVIEW
• WHAT IS DIGESTION?
• ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• MOUTH
• PHARYNX & ESOPHAGUS
• STOMACH
• SMALL INTESTINE
• LARGE INTESTINE
• SALIVARY GLAND
• LIVER & GALLBLADDER
• PANCREAS
WHAT IS DIGESTION
• Digestion is how your body turns food you eat into nutrients which uses
for energy, growth, and cell repair.
• The digestive tract is a long twisting tube that starts at your mouth and
ends at your anus.
• Made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food
• Made up of cells that make enzymes
• Made up of hormones to break down food.
• Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into smaller components that
can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
• This is the catabolism divides into two types
1. Mechanical digestion of food that occurs in the mouth
2. Chemical digestion that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract.
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Alimentary Tract of the Digestive System

• Mouth
• Pharynx & Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and Large Intestine
2. Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
• Salivary Glands
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Mouth:
• The mouth or oral cavity is the first
part of the digestive tract.
• It is adapted to receive food
by ingestion
• Break it into small particles
by mastication and mix it with saliva.
ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CONT…
Pharynx & Esophagus:
• Food is forced into the pharynx by the tongue.
• Food reaches the opening, sensory receptors around the
fauces respond and initiate an involuntary
swallowing reflex. this reflex direct the food into
the esophagus.
• The esophagus is a collapsible muscular tube that serves
as a passageway between the pharynx and stomach
• Mucosa has glands that secrete mucus to keep the lining
moist and well lubricated to ease the passage of food.
• Upper and lower esophageal sphincters control the
movement of food into and out of the esophagus
SYSTEM CONT…
Stomach:
• Which receives food from the esophagus is
located in the upper left quadrant of
the abdomen
• Lesser and greater curvatures are on the
right and left sides respectively of the
stomach.
• Mucosal lining of the stomach is simple
columnar epithelium with numerous tubular
gastric glands.
SYSTEM CONT…
• Secretions of the exocrine gastric glands which composed
of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells make up the
gastric juice.
• Endocrine cells secrete the hormone gastrin, which
functions in the regulation of gastric activity.
• Thoughts and smells of food start the cephalic phase of
gastric secretion
• Presence of food in the stomach initiates the gastric phase
• Presence of acid chyme in the small intestine begins the
intestinal phase
• relaxation of the pyloric sphincter allows chyme to pass
from the stomach into the small intestine.
SYSTEM CONT…
Small Intestine:
• Small intestine begins at
the duodenum and is a tubular structure
• Combination of the circular folds, the villi,
and the microvilli increases the absorptive
area of the mucosa
• There are three major divisions:
1.Duodenum: which receives chyme from
the stomach, together with pancreatic
juice containing digestive
SYSTEM CONT…
2. Jejunum:
Midsection of the small intestine connecting the
duodenum to the ileum. Food products of digestion
are absorbed into the bloodstream
3. Ileum :
Final section of the small intestine.
Contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs
mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any
other remaining nutrients.
SYSTEM CONT…
Large Intestine:
• Large intestine also called the colon
• consists of the cecum, rectum,
and anal canal.
• Includes the appendix, which is
attached to the cecum.
• Main function of the large intestine is
to absorb water.
SYSTEM CONT…
• Colon is further divided into:

1.Cecum and Appendix
2.Ascending Colon
3.Right Colic Flexure
4.Transverse Colon
5.Left Colic Flexure
6.Descending Colon
7.Sigmoid Colon Rectum
8.Anus
ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Salivary Gland:
• Salivary glands exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system
of ducts
• Alpha-amylase an enzyme that breaks down starch
into maltose and glucose
• Three paired major salivary glands
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
SYSTEM CONT…
Liver:
• Which detoxifies various metabolites, synth
- esizes proteins and produces biochemicals
necessary for digestion and growth.
• Liver is an accessory digestive organ that
produces bile. an alkaline fluid
containing cholesterol and bile acids, which
helps the breakdown of fat.
• Performs cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis,
and the production of triglycerides
• It produces and excretes bile required for
emulsifying fats and help the absorption of
vitamin K from the diet.
SYSTEM CONT…
• The bile drains directly into the duodenum,
and some is stored in the gallbladder
• Liver produces insulin-like growth factor
1, a polypeptide protein hormone that
plays an important role in childhood
growth and continues to have anabolic
effects in adults.
• Liver is responsible for the breakdown
of insulin and other hormones.
• Liver breaks down bilirubin facilitating its
excretion into bile
SYSTEM CONT…
Gallbladder:
• A small hollow organ
where bile is stored and
concentrated before it is released
into the small intestine.
• It receives and stores bile,
produced by the liver, via
the common hepatic duct, and
releases it via the common bile
duct into the duodenum
• Bile helps in the digestion of fats.
SYSTEM CONT…
PANCREAS:
• An organ of the digestive system and endocrine
system of vertebrates.
• In humans it is located in the abdomen behind
the stomach
• Pancreas has both an endocrine and a
digestive exocrine function.
• Endocrine gland, it functions mostly to
regulate blood sugar levels, secreting
the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin,
and pancreatic polypeptide.
SYSTEM CONT…
• Functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into
the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
• Juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the
duodenum from the stomach and digestive enzymes
• Which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food

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HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Dr. B. Suresh Chander Kapali,

1. Alimentary Tract of the Digestive System

• Colon is further divided into:

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