PART II 1.4 Fundamentals of Electronics

FUNDAMENTAL OF
ELECTRONICS
Master Copy
for
IRTMTC/ALD
by
IRICEN
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS
Components & Measuring Circuits

Devices Instruments
Rectifiers,
Digital multi-meter Amplifiers,
Passive Active Power supply, Oscillators,
Resistor, Diode, Oscilloscopes, Filters etc.
Capacitor, Transistor, Functions generators etc.
Inductors OP-amp, Ics etc.
NOMENCLATURES OF PCBS
• In machines PCBs are identified with numeric numbers with alphabetic nomenclatures i.e. EK813SV, EK349LV, EK16V, EK501P etc.
• EK - PLUG IN TYPE PCB
• EL-T - CONNECTION TYPE
• SV - POWER SUPPLY PCB
• LV - ANALOG CONTROL PCB
•V - DIGITAL CONTROL PCB
•P - PROGRAMMER PCB
•A - D.C. MOTOR CONTROL PCB
• MC - MICRO CONTROLER PCB
NOMENCLATURES OF DRAWING
X Input To Programmer ( Yellow Led Indication)
Q Out Put From Programmer (Red LEd Indication)
Q1 Time Delay Out Put Of Programmer
QL Load Relay Output
٧ OR
٨ AND
-- Not Allowed
P Proportional Circuit(Tamping And Satellite Circuit)
R Lining Control Circuit
N Levelling Control Circuit (Niv)
PCB Printed Circuit Board (U)
NOMENCLATURES OF DRAWING
•E Front Input Control Circuit
•D Driving Control Circuit
•Z Hook Control Circuit
•F Multicheck Address
• ALC Automatic Guiding Computer
• *ALC Connectors Of Computer ALC
• GVA Geometric Value Adjustment
• Tele Laser System
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Passive Components Active components
These components are not These components can amplify

able to amplify Or process and process the electrical signal
the electrical signal Transistors, Diode, lC. etc
themselves e.g. resistor,
capacitor, inductor
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Resistor
• Resistor opposes current flow
• It behaves like a electrical friction
• This resistor slows the flow of current in every electrical component or circuit
• Property of the component is called resistance, it’s unit is Ohm (), Kilo Ohms(K) ,
Mega. Ohms(M)
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Resistor
Fixed type Variable type

(Potentiometer)
Carbon composition Wire wound resistor

Resistor
CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR
• The resistive material is of

carbon-clay
• composition.
• The leads are made of tinned
copper.
• This types of Resistors are
readily available in values
ranging from few ohms to about
22M
CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR
•They are available in 1/8, 1/4 , 1/2, 1, 2, watt

•The size of resistos varies with wattage rating
•The size of resistor increases as wattage rating
increases
•Resistors of ¼ watt are widely used
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR
• Wire wound resistors are fabricated by

winding one or more than one layers of high
resistance wire(Nichrome )
• Wire wound resistors are preferred over
carbon composition resistors in low
resistance,low noise applications
• These resistors are available from 1 to 100
K with wattage rating upto 200W
VARIABLE RESISTOR
There are different types of variable resistor
1. Potentiometer
2.Trimmers or presets
3.Rheostats
In our machine Potentiometer are used
which value is changes from 1 to 5k
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Application of resistor
• It apposes the current so it is used to reduce current in the circuit.
• To drop the voltage (V = I.R.) and as potentiometer.
• In timer circuit to set time (T=RC).
• To set the gain of operational amplifiers.
• In bulb and heaters.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Capacitor
•It can store electrical energy
in the form of charge
(Electrons) and release them
whenever Required
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Capacitor
• Capacitor’s ability to store electrical charge
is
called capacitance
• It is represented by “C”and it’s unit is
Farad(F) but practically its small units are
used like Micro farad(μF), Pico farad (pF)
Nano Farad (nF).
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Capacitor
Fixed type Variable type
Non polarized Polarized (Electrolytic)

These capacitors These capacitors have + -
don’t have any +ve & -ve polarity

polarity consideration consideration and should
they can be used in be used accordingly.
any direction .
Mica Ceramic Paper Polyester

Capacitors Capacitors Capacitors Capacitors
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Application of capacitor
• To store charge and discharge when required.
• To pass A.C. signal and block D.C. signals.
• To pass unwanted signals.
• In time delay circuits.
• In tuner circuits.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Inductor
When current flows through a coil of conductor wire
then it generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field
reacts so as to oppose the change in current. This
reaction of magnetic field is called inductance.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Inductor
The force it develops is called induced emf, and component
producing inductance is called inductor. It is a fine length of
wire wound on a core, frame or air core. Unit of inductance is
Henry (H)
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Application of Inductor
• It is used as solenoid in hydraulic and pneumatic valves to shift spools.
• In electromagnetic relay to change positions of contacts.
• It is used as shut down coil in engines.
• In filter circuits.
• In oscillator circuits.
• In tuning circuits.
• In transformers to step down or step up the A.C. voltage.
• It is used as choke in florescent tubes.
• It is used in motors and generators.

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PART II 1.4 Fundamentals of Electronics

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FUNDAMENTAL OF

Components & Measuring Circuits

Passive Components Active components

These components are not These components can amplify

Fixed type Variable type

Carbon composition Wire wound resistor

• The resistive material is of

•They are available in 1/8, 1/4 , 1/2, 1, 2, watt

• Wire wound resistors are fabricated by

Fixed type Variable type

Non polarized Polarized (Electrolytic)

don’t have any +ve & -ve polarity

Mica Ceramic Paper Polyester

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