Ethernet

Presented by
M praveen kumar
Gayitri

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 Agenda

1.Introduction to ethernet
2.MAC layer functions
3.MAC frame format
4.Elements of MAC frame
5. Services provided by MAC
6.MII
7.GMII

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INTRODUNCTION OF
ETHERNET

• Ethernet is a networking protocol

that controls and specifies how
data is handled over a
communication network and is
defined under IEEE standards
802.3
• The Ethernet protocol basically
implements the bottom two layers
of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer
model
MAC layer functions
a) Data encapsulation (transmit and receive)
1) Framing (frame boundary delimitation, frame synchronization)
2) Addressing (handling of source and destination addresses)
3) Error detection (detection of physical medium transmission errors)
b) Media Access Control
The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC
protocol specifies shared medium half duplex operation, as well as full duplex
operation

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MAC frame format

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Elements of MAC frame
Preamble:
• A sequence of 56 bits having alternating 1 and 0 values that are used for
synchronization.
• They serve to give components in the network time to detect the presence of a signal,
and read it before the frame data arrives.
• Preamble is not used by the MAC layer, so the minimum amount of preamble required
for a device to function properly depends up on which physical layer is implemented
and not up on the MAC layer.
SFD:
• Sequence of 8 bits having the bit configuration 10101011 indicates the start of the
frame.
• The last two bits indicates the receiving interface that the end of the preamble and
SFD has been reached and that the bits that follow are actual fields of the frame

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Destination Address:
• The Destination MAC Address field addresses destination stations. This may
addresses single or multiple stations.
• Destination Address (6bytes) of all 1 bits refers to all stations on the LAN and is
called a "Broadcast address".
Source Address:
• The Source MAC Address addresses the station at which it originated. The 802.3
standard permits these address fields to be either 2-bytes or 6-bytes in length.

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Length/Type (2bytes):

• If the value of this field is less than or equal to 1500, then the
Length/Type field indicates the number of bytes in the subsequent MAC
Client Data field.
• If the value of this field is greater than or equal to 1536, then the
Length/Type field indicates the nature of the MAC client protocol
• When used as a Type field, it is the responsibility of the MAC client to
ensure that the MAC client operates properly when the MAC sub-layer
pads the supplied data.

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MAC Client Data:
• This field contains the actual data transferred from the source station to the
destination station or stations.
• The maximum size of this field is 1500 bytes. If the size of this field is less than 46
bytes, then use of the subsequent "Pad" field is necessary to bring the frame size up
to the minimum length.
Pad:
• If necessary, extra data bytes are appended in this field to bring the frame length up
to its minimum size.
• A minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 bytes from Destination MAC Address(DA) field
through the Frame Check Sequence(FCS).

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Frame Check Sequence (FCS):
• This field contains a 4-byte Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) value used for error
checking.
• When a source station assembles a MAC frame, it calculates a CRC checksum on all
the bits in the frame from Destination MAC Address (DA) to the Pad fields.
• The source station stores this CRC value in this field and transmits it as part of the
frame.
• When the frame is received at destination station, it calculates CRC of received data
and compares it with FCS. If it does not match then destination station assumes an
error occurred during transmission and discards the frame.

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CYCLIC REDUNDANY CHECK(CRC) CALCULATION
• The encoding is defined by the following generating polynomial.
G(x) = x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
Mathematically, the CRC value corresponding to a given frame is defined by the
following procedure:
 The first 32 bits of the frame are complemented.
 The n bits of the frame are then considered to be the coefficients of a
polynomial M(x) of degree n–1. (The first bit of the Destination Address field
corresponds to the x(n–1) term and the last bit of the data field corresponds to
the x0 term.)
 M(x) is multiplied by x32 and divided by G(x), producing a remainder R(x) of
degree ≤31.
 The coefficients of R(x) are considered to be a 32-bit sequence. The bit
sequence is complemented and the result is the CRC.
EXAMPLE FOR CRC
 Services provided by MAC
• The services provided by the MAC sub-layer
allow the local MAC client entity to exchange
LLC data units with peer LLC sub-layer entities.
• The optional MAC control sublayer provides
an additional service for controlling MAC operation
and provide flow control.

1.MA_DATA.request
(destination_address,source_address,mac_service_data_unit,frame_check_sequence)
2. MA_DATA.indication

(destination_address,source_address,mac_service_data_unit,frame_check_sequence,reception_status)
 MII (Media
independent
interface)

25Mhz
Nibble data rate transfer.
GMII (Gigabyte MII)

125Mhz
byte data rate
transfer
Functionality of interface signals:

 GTX_CLK provides the timing reference for the transfer of the TX_EN, TX_ER
and TXD. It’s supplied by the MAC device. Its frequency is nominally 125MHz.
 RX_CLK is the timing reference for the transfer of the RX_DV, RX_ER and RXD
signals. The PHY usually recovers this clock from the receive data from the
physical medium and provides it to the MAC. This clock is derived from the local
clock (e.g. GTX_CLK) if the physical medium is not attached. Its frequency is also
nominally 125MHz.
Functionality of interface signals:
 TX_EN (Transmit Enable) is used to indicate to the PHY that data is present on
the GMII for transmission. It is asserted synchronously with the first octet of
the preamble and remains asserted for the duration of the entire data frame.
 TXD(7:0) (Transmit Data) are the 8 data signals that are used for the MAC to
supply byte aligned data to the PHY for transmission.
 TX_ER (Transmit Coding Error) is used to tell the PHY to transmit an illegal
symbol code to the physical medium.
 RX_DV (Receive Data Valid) is driven by the PHY to indicate the PHY is
presenting recovered and decoded data on the RXD(7:0). It’s asserted during
the entire data frame, and so provide an envelope signal for a valid data frame
including Preambles, Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) and Frame Check Sequence
(FCS) bytes. The MAC uses this signal to delineate the frame.
Functionality of interface signals:
 RXD(7:0) (Receive Data) are the 8 data signals for the PHY to present byte-
aligned receive data to the MAC. Data byte on these signals is valid only when
the RX_DV is asserted and RX_ER is de-asserted.
 RX_ER (Receive Error) is used by the PHY to indicate detection of illegal symbol
code during a reception of a frame (when RX_DV is asserted), so the MAC can
discard the frame. It’s used to signal Carrier Extension when RX_DV is de-
asserted.
 CRS (Carrier Sense) is a signal driven by the PHY. the PHY will assert CRS when
either transmit or receive medium is non-idle and de-assert it when both
transmit and receive media are idle.
 COL (Collision Detected) is asserted by the PHY upon detection of a collision
on the medium when it’s operating in half duplex mode.
Thank you

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