Lab 3b (Cardiovascular II)

The Cardiovascular System:
The Heart
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
• Heart muscle:
– Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable
(automaticity)
– Contracts as a unit
– Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory
period
• Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to
skeletal muscle contraction
ms = millisecond (0.001s)
Heart Physiology: Intrinsic
Conduction System
• Autorhythmic cells:
– Initiate action potentials
– Have unstable resting potentials called
pacemaker potentials
– Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for
rising phase of the action potential
Pacemaker and Action Potentials of the Heart
Figure 18.13
Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation
Figure 18.14a
• Sinoatrial (SA) node generates impulses

about 75 times/minute
• Atrioventricular (AV) node delays the
impulse approximately 0.1 second
• Impulse passes from atria to ventricles
via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of
His)
• AV bundle splits into two pathways in the

interventricular septum (bundle branches)
– Bundle branches carry the impulse toward the
apex of the heart
– Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the heart
apex and ventricular walls
Figure 18.14a
Heart Excitation Related to
ECG
Figure 18.17
Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart
• Heart is stimulated
by the sympathetic
cardioacceleratory
center
• Heart is inhibited by
the parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory
center
Figure 18.15
Electrocardiography
• Electrical activity is recorded by
electrocardiogram (ECG): 3 waves (P,QRS, T)
• P wave corresponds to depolarization of SA
node
• QRS complex corresponds to ventricular
depolarization
• T wave corresponds to ventricular
repolarization
• Atrial repolarization record is masked by the
larger QRS complex
InterActive Physiology®:
PLAY Cardiovascular System: Intrinsic Conduction System
Electrocardiography
Figure 18.16
Heart Sounds
• Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated

with closing of heart valves
– First sound occurs as AV valves close and
signifies beginning of systole
– Second sound occurs when SL valves close
at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle refers to all events

associated with blood flow through the
heart
– Systole – contraction of heart muscle
– Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• Ventricular filling – mid-to-late diastole

– Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters
atria and flows into ventricles
– AV valves are open, then atrial systole
occurs
• Ventricular systole
– Atria relax
– Rising ventricular pressure results in closing
of AV valves
– Isovolumetric contraction phase
– Ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar
valves
• Isovolumetric relaxation – early diastole

– Ventricles relax
– Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary
trunk closes semilunar valves
• Dicrotic notch – brief rise in aortic
pressure caused by backflow of blood
rebounding off semilunar valves
InterActive Physiology®:
PLAY
Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Cycle
Figure 18.20
Cardiac Output (CO) and Reserve
• CO is the amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute
• CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and
stroke volume (SV)
• HR is the number of heart beats per
minute
• SV is the amount of blood pumped out by
a ventricle with each beat
• Cardiac reserve is the difference between
resting and maximal CO
Cardiac Output: Example
• CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70

ml/beat)
• CO = 5250 ml/min (5.25 L/min)
Regulation of Stroke Volume
• SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) minus

end systolic volume (ESV)
• EDV = amount of blood collected in a
ventricle during diastole
• ESV = amount of blood remaining in a
ventricle after contraction
Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output
Figure 18.23
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
(Homeostasis Inbalance)
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused

by:
– Coronary atherosclerosis
– Persistent high blood pressure
– Multiple myocardial infarcts
– Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Age-Related Changes Affecting the
Heart
• Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps

• Decline in cardiac reserve
• Fibrosis of cardiac muscle
• Atherosclerosis
THE END

Lab 3b (Cardiovascular II)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 3b (Cardiovascular II)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 3b (Cardiovascular II)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Cardiovascular System:

• Sinoatrial (SA) node generates impulses

• AV bundle splits into two pathways in the

• Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated

• Cardiac cycle refers to all events

• Ventricular filling – mid-to-late diastole

• Isovolumetric relaxation – early diastole

• CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70

• SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) minus

• Congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused

• Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps

You might also like