The Blood 2

THE BLOOD
DR.ANSA ABUBAKAR
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 Leucocytes are the mobile units of body's

immune system.
 Formed partially in the bone marrow and in
the lymphoid tissue

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Total WBC count is 4000- 11000 WBC/mm
 Lack Hb, colorless cells
 According to the staining properties,
leucocytes are divided into

i. Granulocytes→neutrophils(55 -65%)
→eosinophils(2-4%)
→basophils(0.4-1%)
ii. Agranulocytes →lymphocytes(25-35%)
→ Monocytes(2-8%)
GENESIS OF WBCs/LEUKOPOIESIS
 Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
differentiate to form committed stem cell in
bone marrow
 Committed stem cell proliferate to form two
major lineages of WBC, lymphocytic and

myelocytic lineage
 Under the influence of various growth
inducers, blast cells undergo multiple stages

to form mature white blood cells
GENESIS OF WBCs/LEUKOPOIESIS
NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
DEFEND AGAINST INFECTIONS
 Neutrophils attack and destroy invading
bacteria, viruses and other injurious agents
by following processes.
i. MARGINATION AND ROLLING
• After activation→ neutrophils accumulate at
the periphery of the blood vessel →
cytokines cause increased expression of
selectins and ICAM-1 on the surface of
endothelial cells → bind to receptors on
neutrophils →adhere to the wall of capillary
ii. DIAPEDESIS
• Neutrophils come out of circulation by
squeezing through the pores of capillaries.
iii. AMEBOEID MOVEMENT
• Movement of neutrophils toward the infecting
agent by amoeboid movement.
iv. CHEMOTAXIS
• Movement of neutrophils toward the site of
infection under the effect of chemical
substances released from the tissue and
invading organism.
v. PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Ingestion of the invading organism by the neutrophils at
the site of inflammation.
• STEPS
• Chemotaxis and adherence of microbes to phagocyte
• Neutrophils project pseudopodia in all directions around
the invading agent
• Pseudopodia fuse with each other around the organism
forming an enclosed chamber- phagosome
• Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome- phagolysosome
• Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
• Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
• Discharge of waste material
INFLAMMATION
 When tissue injury occurs, multiple

substances are released by the injured tissues
and cause dramatic secondary changes in the
surrounding uninjured tissues.
 This entire complex of tissue changes is
called inflammation.
CHANGES DURING INFLAMMATION
i. Vasodilation of the local blood vessels

ii. Increased permeability of the capillaries
iii. Clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces
iv. Migration of large number of granulocytes
and monocytes into the tissues
v. Swelling of the tissue cells
CHANGES DURING INFLAMMATION
 ‘Walling Off’ Effect Of Inflammation

 The tissue spaces and the lymphatics in the
inflamed area are blocked by fibrinogen

threads, so that after a while fluid hardly
flows through the spaces.
 Limits the spread of inflammation to the
surrounding tissue
RESPONSE OF MACROPHAGES AND
NEUTROPHIL DURING INFLAMMATION
1.TISSUE MACROPHAGES ARE THE FIRST LINE

OF DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION
 Within minutes after inflammation, tissue
macrophages begin their phagocytic action

 After activation, macrophages enlarge in size
 Break from their attachment
 Move to the site of inflammation
 Number is few but are life saving
2.NEUTROPHIL- SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

• Within the first hour or so of inflammation,
neutrophils begin to invade the inflamed area

• Chemotaxis of neutrophils is caused by
inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1) produced

by inflammed tissue
3.SECOND MACROPHAGE INVASION- THIRD
LINE OF DEFENSE
• Monocytes from the blood reach the site of
inflammation
• Enlarge to form macrophages
• Initially the number of monocytes is far less
that neutrophils
• After several days to several weeks,
macrophages dominate the neutrophils

4.INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GRANULOCYTE
AND MONOCYTE – FOURTH LINE OF DEFENSE
• Stimulation of granulocytic and monocytic
progenitor cells by GM-CSF,IL-1, M-CSF, TNF

• In 3 to 4 days newly formed granulocytes and
monocytes reach the inflammatory site

• If stimulus continues, bone marrow produces
these cells for months or even years

 FORMATION OF PUS
 After engulfing bacteria and necrotic tissue,
neutrophil and macrophages die.

 After several days, a cavity is formed
 Cavity contains necrotic tissue, dead cells and
tissue fluid→ pus

 Pus gradually autolyzes over a period of days
 End products are absorbed into the
surrounding tissue
 Evidence of tissue damage is gone
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
 Combination of monocytes, fixed

macrophages, mobile macrophages and a few
specialized endothelial cells in the bone
marrow, spleen, lymph nodes.
 Monocyte-macrophage system as almost all
cells originate from the monocytic stem cells.

DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
TISSUE MACROPHAGES OF MONOCYTE-
MACROPHAGE SYSTEM
1. HISTIOCYTES
• Skin and subcutaneous tissue
2. MACROPHAGES IN THE LYMPH NODES
• If bacteria is not destroyed in the tissues
• They enter the lymph
• Trapped in meshwork of sinuses lined by
tissue macrophages
3. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
• Present in the alveoli of the lungs
DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF TISSUE MACROPHAGES OF
MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE SYSTEM
4.KUPFFER CELLS
• Macrophages present in the liver sinusoids.
5.MICROGLIAL CELLS
• Macrophages present in the brain.
• Phagocytose dying neurons and their
processes, debris and foreign material

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THE BLOOD

 Leucocytes are the mobile units of body's

the lymphoid tissue

leucocytes are divided into

major lineages of WBC, lymphocytic and

inducers, blast cells undergo multiple stages

 When tissue injury occurs, multiple

i. Vasodilation of the local blood vessels

 ‘Walling Off’ Effect Of Inflammation

inflamed area are blocked by fibrinogen

1.TISSUE MACROPHAGES ARE THE FIRST LINE

macrophages begin their phagocytic action

2.NEUTROPHIL- SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

neutrophils begin to invade the inflamed area

inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1) produced

macrophages dominate the neutrophils

progenitor cells by GM-CSF,IL-1, M-CSF, TNF

monocytes reach the inflammatory site

these cells for months or even years

neutrophil and macrophages die.

tissue fluid→ pus

 Combination of monocytes, fixed

cells originate from the monocytic stem cells.

processes, debris and foreign material

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