5 Biosfer

IOSFE
By:
Nimas Mayang Sabrina S., STP, MP, MSc
Outline
-> Biosphere
-> Ecology
-> Energy flow

Biosfer
>> Tempat atau ruang muka bumi di mana makhluk
hidup tumbuh dan berkembang biak secara optimal.
Intereaksi &
Manusia Interelasi
Biosfer Flora Topologi

Persebaran
Tumbuh &
Fauna Berkembang
Biak Optimal
Levels of Organization
- a hierarchy of organization
in the environment
Levels of organization - Terms
• Biosphere
– Surface of the earth
– Composed of many ecosystems
• Ecosystem
– Large or small as we decide
• Backyard, O’Melveney Park, Hedge along Room 110,
etc.
• Population – one species live in one place at
one time
• Community – All populations (diff. species)
that live in a particular area.
• Very complex
• Can contain 100’s to 1000’s of interacting
species.
Biosphere
Biogeographic Province
Community Community
Species
Population
Individual
Figure The Hierarchical Structure of The Biosphere

Outline
-> Biosphere
-> Ecology
-> Energy flow

What is Ecology?
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Origin of the word…”ecology”
Greek origin
OIKOS = household
LOGOS = study of…
>> Study of the “house/environment” in

which we live.

Origin of the word…”ecology”
>> 1866 German Biologist Ernst Haeckel first

coined the term ecology
>> Defined today as the study of interactions

among living organisms and their
environment

Ecology is study of interactions between:
non-living components in the environment…

>> light
>> water
>> wind
>> nutrients in soil
>> heat
>> solar radiation
>> atmosphere, etc. AND…

Living organisms…
>> Plants
>> Animals
>> microorganisms in soil, etc.

For non-living (abiotic) For living (biotic)

>> Climatology >> animal behavior
>> Hydrology
>> Oceanography >> Taxonomy
>> Physics >> Physiology
>> Chemistry >> mathematics
>> Geology (population studies)
soil analysis, etc. >> etc.

Ecology
• views each locale as an integrated whole of
interdependent parts that function as a unit.
caribou
tundra
The interdependent parts are…
• Nonliving
– dead organic matter
– nutrients in the soil
and water.
• Producers
– green plants
Tundra
• Consumers
– herbivores and
carnivores
• Decomposers
– fungi and bacteria
Tundra
Caribou
Outline
-> Biosphere
-> Ecology
-> Energy flow

Energy Flow
• The sun is the main
source of energy for
life on earth.
• < 1 % of all sunlight
that reaches earth is
used by living
organisms.
• What happens to the
rest?
• Most is reflected off as
heat energy.
Producers or Autotrophs
• Use sunlight or chemicals to make their own
food.
• Examples:
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Performed on land by plants and in water by

algae.
Can organisms make their own food
without the aid of sunlight?
• Chemosynthesis: using chemical energy to
make carbohydrates.
• Usually performed bacteria found in harsh
environments
– Ocean vents, volcanoes, hot-acidic
Consumers or heterotrophs
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detritivores
• Decomposers
Food Chains
P rod u c er
(alg ae)
p rim ary c on s u m er
(p lan k ton )
s ec on d ary c on s u m er
(s m all fis h )
tertiary c on s u m er
(larg e fis h )
Food Webs
• More complex than food chains
• A complex net of interactions among
organisms. (interdependence)
Trophic Levels
• Each location or step
in a food chain or
food web represents
a trophic level.
• Examples:
producers, primary
consumers,
secondary
consumers, etc.
Ecological pyramids
• Only about ten percent

of the energy available
within a trophic level
is transferred to
oragnisms at the next
higher level.
Ecological pyramids
Other pyramids:
• Biomass and numbers
Cycles of matter
• Unlike energy, matter is constantly being
recycled in an ecosystem.
• Known as biogeochemical cycles
Transpiration
• The release of water from the leaves of plants.

• Water is exchanged through a plant’s stomata.
• Evaporation is the second process that releases
water into the atmosphere.
Transpiration
Outline
-> Biosphere
-> Ecology
-> DIstribution
CHAPTER 50
AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
AND THE BIOSPERE
Section B1: Factors Affecting the Distribution of

Organisms
1. Species dispersal contributes to the distribution of organisms
2. Behavior and habitat selection contribute to the distribution of organisms
3. Biotic factors affect the distribution of organisms
4. Abiotic factors affect the distribution of organisms
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Introduction
• Ecologists have long recognized distinct global
and regional patterns in the distribution of
organisms.
Fig. 50.4
• Biogeography is the study of past and present
distributions of individual species, which provides
a good starting point to understanding what limits
geographic distributions.
• Ecologists ask a series of questions to determine
what limits the geographical distribution of any
species.
Fig. 50.5

1.Species dispersal contributes to the distribution of organisms
• Species transplants.
• One way to determine if dispersal is a factor in limiting
distribution is to analyze the results when humans have
accidentally or intentionally transplanted a species to areas
where it was previously absent.

– If the transplant was successful, then the potential
range of the species is larger than the actual range.
– If the transplant was unsuccessful, then distribution
is limited by other species or abiotic factors.
Fig. 50.6
• Problems with Introduced Species.
– Transplanted species
often explode to
occupy an new area.
• The African honeybee
and Zebra
mussel are good
examples of
this explosion.
Fig. 50.7

Fig. 50.8

2.Behavior and habitat selection contribute
to the distribution of organisms
• Sometimes organisms do not occupy all of their

potential range, but select particular habitats.

3.Biotic factors affect the distribution of
organisms
• Predator
removal
experiments
can show how
predators limit
distribution of
prey species.
Fig. 50.9

4.Abiotic factors affect the
distribution of organisms
• Temperature: some organisms can only tolerate
specific ranges of temperature.
• Water: some organisms can only tolerate either
fresh or salt water.
• Sunlight provides energy that drives nearly all
ecosystems.
– The intensity and quality of light, and photoperiod
can be important to the development and behavior of
many organisms.

• Wind amplifies the effects of temperature by
increasing heat and water loss (wind-chill
factor).
• Rocks and soil: the physical structure and
mineral composition of soils and rocks limit
distribution of plants and the animals that feed
upon them.

CHAPTER 50
AND THE BIOSPERE
Section B2: Factors Affecting the Distribution of

Organisms (continued)
5. Temperature and water are the major climatic factors determining the
distribution of organisms

5.Temperature and water are the major
climatic factors determining distribution of
organisms
• Climate is the prevailing weather conditions in an
area.
– Temperature, water, light, and wind are major
components of climate.
• Climate and biomes.
– Climate determines the makeup of biomes, the major
types of ecosystems.

• Annual means
for temperature
and rainfall are
reasonably well
correlated with
the biomes we
find in different
regions).
Fig. 50.10
• Global climate patterns.
– These are largely determined by sunlight and the
planet’s movement in space.
• The sun’s warming effect on the atmosphere, land, and
water establishes the temperature variations, cycles of
air movement, and evaporation of water that are
responsible for latitudinal variations in climate.

Fig. 50.11
– The angle of the earth’s axis is responsible for
seasonal variations on the earth.
Fig. 50.12
• The tropics that lie between 23.5° north latitude and
23.5° south latitude experience the greatest input and
least seasonal variation in solar radiation of any region on
earth.
• Intense solar radiation near the equator initiates a global
circulation of air, creating precipitation and winds.
• This creates prevailing air currents.

Fig. 50.13
• Local and seasonal effects on climate.
– Bodies of water and topographic features such as
mountain ranges can affect local climates.
– Ocean currents can influence climate in coastal
areas.
– Mountains affect rainfall greatly.
Fig. 50.14
• Ponds and lakes are sensitive to seasonal temperature
change.
– Turnover brings oxygenated water from the surface of lakes to the
bottom and nutrient-rich water to the top.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50.15
– Microclimate.
• Climate can vary on a small scale also.
• Scientists can refer to microclimate on a forest floor or
under a rock.
– Long-term climate change.
– Climate changes can have long-term effects on the biosphere.
– Global warming may affect distribution of organisms.
– The ice ages affected distribution in the past.

• The range of the American Beech can be predicted under
2 climate-change scenarios.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50.16
CHAPTER 50
AND THE BIOSPERE
Section C1: Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes
1. Aquatic biomes occupy the largest part of the biosphere

Fig. 50.17
1.Aquatic biomes occupy the largest part of
the biosphere
• Marine biomes have a salt concentration of

approximately 3% and cover approximately 75%
of the earth’s surface.
– Freshwater biomes are usually characterized by salt
concentration of less than 1% and are closely linked
to the soils and biotic components of the terrestrial
biomes through which they pass.
• The speed of water flow and the climate are also important.

– Vertical stratification of aquatic biomes.
• The photic zone is the zone through which light
penetrates and photosynthesis can occur.
• The aphotic zone is where very little light can penetrate.
• A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change called a
thermocline separates a more uniformly warm upper
layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters.
• The benthic zone is the bottom of any aquatic biome and
contains detritus, dead organic matter.

• Freshwater biomes (ponds and lakes, small and large
freshwater).
• The littoral zone is shallow and close to shore.
• The limnetic zone is the open surface water.
• The profundal
zone consists
of the deep,
aphotic
regions.
Fig. 50.18
• Lakes
– Oligotrophic lakes are deep, nutrient-poor and do not contain
much life.
Fig. 50.19a
• Eutrophic lakes
are shallower and
have increased
nutrients.
Fig. 50.19b
• Mesotrophic have a moderate amount of nutrients and
phytoplankton productivity.
– Over long periods of time, oligotrophic lakes may become
mesotrophic as runoff brings in nutrients.
– Pollution from fertilizers can cause explosions in algae population
and cause a decrease in oxygen content.

• Streams and rivers are bodies of water moving
continuously in one direction.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50.19c
– Headwaters are cold and clear and carry little sediment and
relatively few mineral nutrients.
– As the stream travels down, it picks up O2 and nutrients on the
way.
– Nutrient content is largely determined by the terrain and
vegetation of the area.
– Many streams and rivers have been polluted by humans and have
caused many environmental problems.

• Damming can
also be
problematic.
Fig. 50.20

• Wetlands are areas covered with water that
supports many types of plants.
• They can be saturated or flooded and include areas
known as marshes, bogs, and swamps.
• They are home to
many different
types of organisms,
from herbivores
to crustaceans.
• Unfortunately,
humans have
destroyed them,
but many are now
protected in
many places.
Fig. 50.21a
– Estuaries are areas where freshwater and salt
water meet.
• The salinity of these areas can vary greatly.
• They are crucial feeding areas for many types of water
fowl.
Fig. 50.21b
• Zonation in Marine communities.
– The intertidal zone is where the land meets the water.
– The neritic zone includes the shallow regions over the
continental shelves.
– The oceanic zone extends past the continental shelves, and can
be very deep.
– The pelagic zone is the open water.
– The benthic zone is the seafloor.

Fig. 50.22
• Intertidal zones are alternately submerged and
exposed by the twice-daily cycle of tides.
– They can be rocky or sandy
and provide excellent
examples of
distributional limitations.
– Many types of organisms
inhabit these areas,
such as suspension-feeding
worms, crustaceans,
mollusks and others.
– These areas are often
destroyed by pollution
and human activity.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50.23a
• Coral reefs exist in
the neritic zone.
– They constitute a
conspicuous and
distinctive biome.
– They are dominated
by coral and include
a very diverse
assortment of
vertebrates and
invertebrates.
Fig. 50.23b
• The oceanic pelagic biome includes most of the ocean’s
water.
– The water is constantly mixed by ocean currents.
– Plankton live in the photic zone and are the producers for this
biome.
– This biome also includes a great variety of free swimming fish
and mammals.

• Benthos is the ocean bottom below the neritic and
pelagic zones.
– This area is extremely productive due to the great amount of
nutrients found.
– Benthic communities consist of bacteria, fungi, seaweed and
filamentous algae, numerous invertebrates, and fish.

• The very deep communities lie in the abyssal zone.
– Organisms here are adapted to continuous cold.
– Deep-sea thermal hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin are
found here.
Fig. 50.23c
CHAPTER 50
AND THE BIOSPERE
Section C2: Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes

(continued)
2. The geographic distribution of terrestrial biomes is based mainly on
regional variations in climate

2.The geographic distribution of
terrestrial biomes is based mainly on
regional variations in climate
Fig. 50.24
• These areas are defined by their abiotic and
biotic factors.
• Vertical stratification is also important in these
biomes.
– The canopy of the tropical rain forest is the top layer,
covering the layers below.
– The permafrost in the tundra is a permanently frozen
stratum that lies under ground.
• The species composition of any biome differs
from location to location.
• Human activity has radically altered the natural
patterns of many biomes.
• Tropical forests are close to the equator,
receive high amounts of rainfall (although this
can vary from region to region), and contain a
great variety of plants and animals.
• The vegetation
is layered, with
the canopy
being one of
the top layers.
Fig. 50.25a

• Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees,
that show distinct seasons, particularly wet and
dry.
– They have many types of plants and animals.
– Fire is an important abiotic factor.
Fig. 50.25b
• Deserts have low rainfall, and are generally hot.
• Vegetation is usually sparse, and includes cacti and
succulents.
• Many animals
are nocturnal,
so they can
avoid the heat.
Fig. 50.25c

• Chaparrals have mild wet winters and dry hot
summers.
• They contain
dense spiny,
evergreen
shrubs and
have periodic
fires.
• Some plants
produce seeds
that will only
germinate
after a fire. Fig. 50.25d

• Temperate grasslands exhibit seasonal drought,
occasional fires, and are usually used for
grazing and agriculture.
Fig. 50.25e
• Temperate deciduous forests contain dense
stands of trees and have very cold winters and
hot summers.
• The trees lose
leaves and go
dormant in winter.
• This biome
includes a large
variety of plants
and animals.
• Humans have
logged many of
these forests Fig. 50.25f
around the world.

• Coniferous forests are the largest terrestrial
biome on earth.
– They exhibit long cold winters and short wet
summers.
– Conifers inhabiting
them are adapted
for the climate.
– Conifer forests
are home to
various animals,
some of which
hibernate.
Fig. 50.25g

• Tundra contains low growing plants.
– The climate is windy and cold which causes a short
growing season.
– A layer of permafrost is found below 1 meter and
does not thaw, which prevents root growth; not
many animals live in tundra biomes.
– There are two types, arctic, which is found in areas
of Alaska and the Arctic circle, and alpine, which is
found on very high mountaintops.

Fig. 50.25h
CHAPTER 50
AND THE BIOSPERE
Section D: The Spatial Scale of Distributions
1. Different factors may determine the distribution of a species on different

scales
2. Most species have small geographic ranges

1.Different factors may determine the
distribution of a species on different scales
• Describing a species’ geographic range on

different scales can be difficult.
– However, we can measure geographic ranges on
several spatial scales.

Fig. 50.26

2. Most species have small
geographic ranges
• Only a small minority of species are widespread.
• Some North American birds and plants exhibit
this phenomenon.
Fig. 50.27
hanks
mayangsunyoto@gmail.com

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IOSFE

-> Energy flow

Biosfer Flora Topologi

Figure The Hierarchical Structure of The Biosphere

-> Energy flow

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

>> Study of the “house/environment” in

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

>> 1866 German Biologist Ernst Haeckel first

>> Defined today as the study of interactions

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

non-living components in the environment…

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

For non-living (abiotic) For living (biotic)

This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com

-> Energy flow

• Performed on land by plants and in water by

• Only about ten percent

• The release of water from the leaves of plants.

Section B1: Factors Affecting the Distribution of

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Sometimes organisms do not occupy all of their

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Section B2: Factors Affecting the Distribution of

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Section C1: Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes

1. Aquatic biomes occupy the largest part of the biosphere

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Marine biomes have a salt concentration of

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Section C2: Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

around the world.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings