FORMS OPINION

BASED ON FACTS
LESSON 4
In this lesson, you will learn how to identify the facts from
opinions in the given statements; express opinions from the
given facts and produce a campaign advertisement showing
opinion about a given fact.
How do you show respect
towards people whose
opinions
are different from yours?
You already know the
truth but he/she keeps
on denying it.
What is a fact?
A fact generally refers to something true and can be
verified as such. That is, a fact is something that can be
proven to be true.
What is an opinion?
Reliable authority such as; An opinion refers to a personal
o A history book belief. It relates to how someone
o Statistics feels about something. Others may
o Proven scientific law agree or disagree with an
o Governmental law opinion, but they cannot prove or
o Mathematics disprove it. This is what defines it
o An observation as an opinion
Why Are Fact and Opinion So Important?

The ability to distinguish between fact and opinion;

a. It helps students develop their critical and analytical skills in both
their reading and their listening.

b. unravel the threads of what is true from what is mere belief.

c. to avoid being manipulated easily.

ACTIVITY:
Answer the following activities:
• “WHAT I KNOW’ LETTER A and B page 2
• INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY 2 page 10

ASSIGNMENT:
BRING YOUR CELLPHONES TOMORROW.
FALLACIES IN
REASONING
LESSON 4
SOUND REASONING
A reasoning that follows logic and can be easily understood by readers or an
audience. Sound Reasoning is used every day. In fact, we make
decisions and judgements based on sound reasoning, even in the
most insignificant thing we do for the day. There are two well-
known types of sound reasoning: DEDUCTIVE REASONING
& INDUCTIVE REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
is from a general statement to a specific one. For example, your prior
knowledge tells you that Muslims do not eat pork. Your boss is a Muslim. You
will not take him to a restaurant that serves only lechon because you know that
eating pork is not allowed in his faith. You can present the statements in the
following way:
Muslims do not eat pork.
My boss is a Muslim.
Therefore, he does not eat pork
INDUCTIVE REASONING
is from specific to general. For instance, because you are sick with influenza, you just stayed
home and didn’t go to school. You texted your classmate and asked him to tell your teacher that
you are sick with flu. Your classmate texted back and told you that he also has the flu. You
logged in to your social media account. You saw that most people are complaining of getting
sick with the flu. From these similar incidences, you concluded that there’s an outbreak of the
flu. Your logical reasoning can be arranged like this:
I am sick with influenza.
My classmate is also sick with influenza.
Most of my friends in social media are complaining of
getting sick with influenza.
There is an influenza outbreak.
FALLACIES IN
REASONING
Fallacies or unreliable statements can be encountered in daily life.
Therefore, you must learn how to discern the information you get
properly. A fallacy in reasoning makes an argument false or
unreliable. Here are few most common fallacies in reasoning:
5 FALLACIES IN
REASONING
Bandwagon
Hasty
Generalization
Red Herring
Attack on a Person
Either-or Reasoning
1.Bandwagon- this is a
reasoning based on popularity
rather than on scientific
evidence or facts. This gives
one a feeling of “you are the
only one not doing (or using)
it, so why not join now?”
1.Bandwagon- this is a
reasoning based on popularity
rather than on scientific
evidence or facts. This gives
one a feeling of “you are the
only one not doing (or using)
it, so why not join now?”
2. Hasty Generalization- this is
reaching a conclusion without enough
pieces of evidence or further studies.
You should not use an isolated
experience to make a general statement
or judgement on something or
someone. For example, if you see a
Chinese being disrespectful to an older
person, you should not say, “Chinese
people are disrespectful to the elderly.”
3. Red Herring- is an argument that distracts
the opponent away from the real issue and
leads them to an irrelevant issue. For instance
a politician was arrested and put to jail
because of graft and corruption. Instead of
focusing on the issue that he had stolen the
money from the people, that he should
undergo a fair trial and suffer consequences
thereafter, the lawyers may try to divert the
attention of the people to another irrelevant
issue such as the terrorist attack that
happened in the mall.
5. Either-or Reasoning- this presents
only two alternatives and acts as if there
are no other choices. For example, "Eat
an apple a day or you will get sick.” It’s
not apples only that will keep you from
getting sick. There are many nutritious
fruits that are healthy as apples. And
besides, it’s not only fruits that keep you
healthy. You should have a balanced
nutrition to stay healthy
4. Attack on a Person- this
reasoning attack the person instead
of the issue.This happens a lot in
politics. If you hear politicians
attacking their opponents instead
of the issue, beware! “He is always
late for his meetings. How do you
expect him to advance the progress
of this country if he is always
running late?”
 Identify the fallacy used in the following scenarios:
1. A whitening facial wash says that you should have clear, white skin or else you won’t find
true love
2. A political candidate says that incumbent governor is incompetent because he could not
solve the country’s poverty issue; therefore, that governor should be replaced by someone
else who is better.
3. Those who were against the reproductive health bill focused on the issue of abortion and
how it so immorally against the Christian faith.
4. An advertisement says that bright students drink this memory-enhancing pill. So if you are
not yet taking this vitamin, then you are left out.
5. A newspaper said that college students are not happy with the current governor who cancels
classes at all levels. The reporter was ale to talk to only five students in one particular
school.
1. Choose one fallacy in the list. Give your own example.
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2.How do you check if the information given to you is a fallacy or not?

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