Basic Rope Rescue Technique

BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
SPECIAL RESCUE UNIT - SORSOGON
FUNDAMENTALS 0F
Rope
RESCUE
Technique
DARYL N GUIANAN
sfo1 BFP
FIREFIGHTER, SRU, EMT-B
SPECIAL RESCUE UNIT V
Table of Contents
1. Course Introduction and Safety
2. Rescue and Rescue Team
3. Introduction to Rope Rescue System
4. Basic Knot Tying
5. Emergency Rescue Transfer
6. Patient Packaging
7. Basic Rappelling
8. Belaying
9. Anchoring
10. Mechanical Advantage System
11. High Angle Rescue Technique
12. Incident Command System
Basic Rope Rescue Technique

EXPECTATIONS

1 Course Introduction
And Safety

Instructional Objectives:
1. Practice safety
2. Organize rescue team
3. Know the different rope rescue gears and
equipment.
4. Perform and identify basic knot tying,
know their purpose and application.
5. Demonstrate patient packaging
6. Learn the fundamentals of HART
7. Able to ascend and descend on a fixed
rope
8. Able to conquer fear of heights

Course Introduction and Safety
Factors Affecting Safety During Training

and Actual Rescue Operation
• Attitude
• Unstable structure
• Confine space
• Extreme noise, dust, smoke or fire
• Contaminated air and water
• Extreme fatigue and stress
• Adverse weather condition
• Horse playing attitude

2 Rescue and
Rescue Team

Rescue and Rescue Team
Rescue
Rescue – those activities directed at locating

endangered persons at an emergency, removing
those persons from danger, treating the
injury, and providing for transport to an
appropriate health care facility.

Goal of Rescue
E
T
T

Goal of Rescue
E – Extricate
T – Treat
T – Transport

The goal can be best met if 3S’s will be

considered.
S – Safety
S – Sureness
S – Simplicity

Rescue Workers
An event requiring rescue operations will
usually create (3) categories of rescue workers.
1. Survivors – they usually do not know what to
do but obviously it is serious situation and
thus they feel they must do something
2. Untrained Personnel – the second wave of
rescue workers is drawn from people either
witnessing the event or from the vicinity of
the event.
3. Trained Personnel – the last group to arrive at
the scene are trained responders. It take
sometime for various emergency services to
mobilized and arrived at the scene.
Personal Traits of a Rescuer

• Interest
• Training
• Dependability
• Initiative
• Cooperation
• Physical fitness
• Leadership qualities
• Control over fears
• Good dress and bearing

Personal Behavior
1. Attitude – a serious professional attitude
must be maintain to gain confidence and
support.
2. Emotions – the control of emotions is a very

difficult task but every effort must be made
to prevent emotions from influencing good
judgment and competence.
3. Courtesy – if the rescue task is to be

completed quickly and effectively, courtesy
must be given to all concerned.

Rescue Team
Team – a group of people organized to

accomplish a common goal which is a
problem solving.
Teamwork – cooperative or coordinated effort

on the part of a group of person acting
together as a team or in the interest of a
common goal.

Primary reasons why teams work

better than individual
1. Specialization
2. Sense of being
3. Coordination and management
4. Actions are not repeated
5. Networking

Span of Control
The number of person that can

efficiently and safely be manage
and continuously accounted for
is 5-7 people.

Team Composition (Rope Rescue)
• Team leader
• Mainline Operator
• Belay line Operator
• Attendant
• Ground Recovery

“Good team stays alert for the

worst case scenario and always
practice with special level of
safety caution”

3 Introduction to
Rope Rescue System

Introduction to Rope Rescue System
Rope Rescue
Rope Rescue – defines as any rescue effort
that requires rope and related
equipment to safely gain access to, and
remove persons from any danger by means
of rope system.
Rope Rescue System – a system comprised

of rope rescue equipment and an
appropriate anchor system.
 Software
 Hardware

Rope Rescue
Software – refers to ropes, webbing,
accessory cord and harness which can be
used alone or in combination to support
rescuers and victims.
Hardware – refers to the mechanical devices

needed to safely and fully utilized
rescue rope and construct a rope
rescue system. Example carabiners,
figure of 8 rings, rescue 8, swivels,
anchor plates and pulleys.

Ropes
• One of the oldest tool used by the fire service

• Used for raising and lowering heavy materials
and equipments
• Used for securing materials and equipments
in place
• others

Most Common Type of Rope Construction
 Laid Rope Composed

of 3 or more strands twisted
together to form the final
rope.
 Kern mantle Rope

Jacketed type, composed of
braided covering or sheath
(mantle) over the load
bearing strands (kern).

Classification of Rope
• Life Safety Rope
- used to support rescuers and/or victims
during actual incidents or training.
2 types
Dynamic ( high stretch)
- with 60% elasticity, used for long falls such as
rock climbing to reduce shock of impact on both climber
and anchor system.
Static ( low stretch )
- with 20% elasticity, mostly used in rappelling.
• Utility Rope
- used in any instance, for hoisting and
securing objects in place

Rope Strength
• NFPA Standard
1 person load = 300lbs x 15
= 4500lbs rope minimum breaking strength
2 person load = 600lbs x 15

= 9000lbs rope minimum breaking strength
Minimum Breaking Strength

Size Breaking Strength
6mm (accessory cord) 2500 lbs
8mm 3500 lbs
9mm 4500 lbs
12mm (1/2” rope) 9000 lbs

Classification of a Knot Tying

• Stoppers Knot – a rope
intertwined with itself.
• Bend – is the intertwining of

two ends of rope.
• Hitch – attached to other

object or rope.
• Loop – forming a complete

circle in a rope.

Elements of a Knot
• Bight – formed by simply

bending the rope back
to itself.
• Loop – made by crossing

the side of a bight
• Round turn – consist of

further bending of one
side of a loop.
PARTS OF A ROPE
(when making knots)
 Working end
Part used in forming the knot
 Running end
Part used in hoisting, pulling or
belaying
 Standing part
Part between the running end and
the working end

PARTS OF A ROPE
(when making knots)
Running end
Standing part
Working end


Basic Rescue Knots

 Stopper Knots
- Overhand knot
- Figure of 8 knot

Stopper Knots
 Overhand knot
It is used to prevent the end of a piece of rope unraveling.

“STOPPER KNOT”

Stopper Knots
 Figure of 8 knot
It provides a quick and convenient stopper knot to

prevent a line sliding out; it can be undone easily.
“STOPPER KNOT”
Basic Rescue Knots

 Bend
- Square knot/bend
- Sheet bend
- Fisherman’s knot/bend
- Fig. 8 bend

Bends
 Square knot/bend
It is used as binding knot used to join two ropes of equal diameter.

Bends
 Sheet bend
The Sheet Bend is recommended for joining two

ropes of unequal size.
Bends
 Fisherman’s bend
The Fisherman‘s bend is the way of join two ends of a line

excellent and reliable way of joining two climbing ropes.
Basic Rescue Knots

 Hitch
-Halfhitch
-Clove hitch
-Timber hitch
-Round turn and two half hitches
-Cow hitch

Hitches
 Half hitch
Tied with one end of a rope being passed around an object and
secured to its own standing part with a Single Hitch."
Hitches
 Clove hitch
The Clove Hitch can be very simple but powerful for

anchoring minimal weights.
Hitches
 Timber hitch
The Timber Hitch is much used for handling cargo

Hitches
 Round turn and two half hitch
A Round Turn and Two (or more) Half Hitches is useful for
attaching an anchor line to a post or anchor point.
Hitches
 Cow hitch
The Cow Hitch can be used as an alternative to the Clove Hitch.

It can be used to secure a lanyard to a rope.
Hitches
 Prussik hitch
It can be used to secure a lanyard to a rope.

Basic Rescue Knots

 Loop
- Bowline
- Double bowline
- Triple bowline
- Figure of 8 loop

Basic Rescue Knots

 Shortenings
- Sheep shank
- Dog shank

Basic Rescue Knots

 Harness
- Seat harness
- Emergency harness
- Life line

Basic Rescue Knots
 STOPPERS


5 Victim
Packaging

Victim Packaging
Packaging the Victim

The victim must be package in a way
that will allow them to be raised or
lowered to the ground level.
The process of securing a subject in a

transfer device, with regard to existing
and potential injuries/illness, so as to
avoid further harm during movement.

Victim Packaging
Patient packaging goals:
1. Immobilize the patient to minimize

movement no matter what position the
litter is placed in.
2. Use plenty of padding under the patient and
in all voids.
3. Protect the head and face from debris and
vegetation.
4. Protect the patient from the elements both
hot and cold.
5. Give special consideration to vital signs and
airway management

Victim Packaging
Basket Litters

Victim Packaging
An internal and external lashing is

used to package the victim into a
basket litter.
• Internal Lashing
Secure the victims pelvis and the upper
body into the litter preventing the victim from
moving up and down.
• External Lashing
Secure the entire body into the litter and
maintaining the victim intact in case the litter turn
upside-down.

Victim Packaging
Sample technique
Rapid, professional packaging will

play a significant role in the entire rescue
operation.

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BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

SPECIAL RESCUE UNIT - SORSOGON