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Week 4-THE SELF ACCORDING TO PSYCHOLOGY

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THE SELF ACCORDING

TO PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology

 Psychology is a scientific study of mental


processes and human behavior.
 Itaims to describe, analyze, predict, control
human behavior in general
 Self is an essential construct in psychology
because it fulfils the goals of the discipline in
studying human and the reason for their action
The Self as Cognitive Construction

 The cognitive aspect of the self is known as self-concept.


Self-concept is defined as self-knowledge, a cognitive
structure that includes beliefs about personality traits,
physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles,
as well as the knowledge that an individual exist as
individuals. As humans grow and develop, self-concept
becomes abstract and more complex.
 According to the psychologist Dr. Bruce A. Bracken in
1992, there are six specific domains that are related to
self-concept these are:
 the social domain or the ability of the person to interact
with others;
 the competence domain or the ability to meet the basic
needs;
 the affect domain or the awareness of the emotional
states;
 the physical domain or the feelings about looks, health,
physical condition, and overall appearance;
 academic domain or the success or failure in the school;
and
 family domain or how well one function within the family
unit.
William James and the Me-Self and I-Self

William James is a well-known figure in Psychology who is considered as the founder of functionalism. He brought prominence to U.S. psychology through the publication of The Principles of Psychology (1890) that made him more influential than his contemporaries in the field
 James made a clear distinction between ways of
approaching the self – the knower (the pure or the I – Self)
and the known (the objective or the Me – Self). The
function of the knower (I-Self) according to James must be
the agent of experience. While the known (Me-Self) have
three different but interrelated aspects of empirical self
(known today as self-concept): the Me viewed as material,
the Me viewed as social, and the Me viewed as spiritual in
nature
 The material self is consists of everything an individual
call uniquely as their own, such as the body, family, home
or style of dress. On the other hand, social self refers to
the recognition an individual get from other people.
Lastly, spiritual self refers to the individual inner or
subjective being
Real and Ideal Self
Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of client-centered therapy and considered as one of the prominent humanistic or existential theorists in personality. His therapy aimed to make the person achieve balance between their self-concept (real-self) and ideal self
 The real self includes all those aspects of one's identity
that are perceived in awareness. These are the things that
are known to oneself like the attributes that an individual
possesses
 The ideal self is defined as one’s view of self as one
wishes to be. This contains all the aspirations or wishes of
an individual for themselves
 A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept
indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality.
Psychologically healthy individuals perceive little
discrepancy between their self-concept and what they
ideally would like to be
Multiple versus Unified Self

 According to Multiple Selves Theory, there are different aspects of the self
exist in an individual. From here, we can say that self is a whole consist of
parts, and these parts manifest themselves when need arise.
 Gregg Henriques proposed the Tripartite Model of Human Consciousness,
wherein he described that self is consist of three related, but also separable
domains these are the experimental self, private self, and public self.
 The experiential self or the theater of consciousness is a domain of self
that defined as felt experience of being. This includes the felt consistency
of being across periods of time. It is tightly associated with the memory.
This is a part of self that disappears the moment that an individual enter
deep sleep and comes back when they wake up.
 The private self consciousness system or the narrator/interpreter is a
portion of self that verbally narrates what is happening and tries to make
sense of what is going on. The moment that you read this part, there is
somewhat like a “voice” speaking in your head trying to understand what
this concept is all about.
 Lastly, the public self or Persona, the domain of self that an individual
shows to the public, and this interacts on how others see an individual.
Henriques’ Tripartite Model attempts to capture the key domains of
consciousness, both within the self and between others.
Unified being is essentially connected
to consciousness, awareness, and
agency. A well-adjusted person is able
to accept and understood the success
and failure that they experienced.
They are those kinds of person who
continually adjust, adapt, evolve and
survive as an individual with
integrated, unified, multiple selves.
True versus False Self
Donald Winnicott

 Donald Winnicott was a pediatrician in London who studied Psychoanalysis with Melanie
Klein, a renowned personality theorist and one of the pioneers in object relations and
development of personality in childhood
 According to him, false self is an alternative personality used to protect an individual’s true
identity or one’s ability to “hide” the real self. The false self is activated to maintain social
relationship as anticipation of the demands of others. Compliance with the external rules or
following societal norms is a good example of this. false self can be a healthy self if it is
perceived as functional for the person and for the society and being compliant without the
feeling of betrayal of true self. On the other hand, unhealthy false self happens when an
individual feels forced compliance in any situation
 On the contrary, true self has a sense of integrity and connected wholeness that is rooted in
early infancy. The baby creates experiences of a sense of reality and sense of life worth
living. Winnicott claimed that true self can be achieved by good parenting that is not
necessarily a perfect parenting.
The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Albert Bandura

 Albert Bandura is a psychologist and Professor Emeritus of Social


Science in Psychology at Stanford University. He is known for his
theory of social learning by means of modeling. He is famous for his
proposed concept of self-efficacy
 His personality theory, The Social Cognitive Theory asserts that a
person is both proactive and agentic, which means that we have the
capacity to exercise control over our life. This theory emphasized
that human beings are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and
self-organizing
 Self as proactive means an individual have control in any situation by making
things happen. They act as agent in doing or making themselves as they are.
Agency is a defining feature of modern selfhood. Agents assume some degree
of ownership and control over things, both internally (I control my own
thoughts) and externally (I make things happen in the environment). The
ability of an individual to pursue their goals in life is an example of agentic
approach to self.
 According to Bandura (1989), self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel,
think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse
effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational,
affective and selection processes. A strong sense of efficacy enhances human
accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways.
 In contrast Bandura (1989) said that people who doubt their capabilities shy
away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. They have low
aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When
faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, on the
obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes rather than
concentrate on how to perform successfully. They fall easy victim to stress
and depression.

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