Q4 Module 7 8

REPORTING FINDINGS,
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND

MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS

What are Results and Discussion?
RESULTS
- REPRESENTS THE CORE FINDINGS OF A STUDY DERIVED
FROM THE METHODS APPLIED TO GATHER AND ANALYZE
INFORMATION.
- IT PRESENTS THESE FINDINGS IN A LOGICAL SEQUENCE
WITHOUT BIAS OR INTERPRETATION FROM THE AUTHOR,
SETTING UP THE READER FOR LATER INTERPRETATION AND
EVALUATION IN THE DISCUSSION SECTION.
- ITS MAJOR PURPOSE IS TO BREAK DOWN THE DATA INTO
SENTENCES THAT SHOW ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE
RESEARCH QUESTION(S).
- It appears third in the section sequence in most
scientific papers.
- It follows the presentation of the methods and
materials and is presented before the discussion
section—although the results and discussion are
presented together in many journals.
- This section answers the basic question “What
did you find in your research?”
NOTE: The Results section should include
ONLY the findings of your study.
The findings include:
Data presented in tables, charts, graphs,
and other figures.
A contextual analysis of data.
Discussion
- It interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in
context, and explains how the results relate to the
literature and any implications they might have for future
use.
- It delves into the meaning, importance and relevance
of results. It is focused on explaining and evaluating
what has found, showing how it relates to the literature
review and research questions, and making an argument
in support of the overall conclusion.
There are many ways to write this section, but you can
focus your discussion around four key elements:
 Interpretations: what do the results mean?
 Implications: why do the results matter?
 Limitations: what can’t the results tell us?

 Recommendations: what practical actions or scientific
studies should follow?
The Results and Discussion section is said to be the “heart” of a
research paper since it contains the data and findings of the study. These
observations constitute your contribution to knowledge-building; your
ability to intertwine your results with those of other researchers and
discuss the significance of such findings.
The results highlight interrelationships between the different observed
data and relationship to the whole research problem, while the
discussion emphasizes the meaning of these relationships that
eventually leads to the conclusion. Moreover, this section of the research
paper provides basis for recommendations for further research and
applications.
Tables and figures like graphs, diagrams, and
other forms of illustrations are commonly used to
present experimental results or data. These
different forms of presentations are preferred
because they show the readers the information
easily and clearly. Likewise, by using figures, any
form of relationship or pattern can be spotted and
grasped easily by the readers.
Data presentation is followed by analysis and
discussion of data. Data could not speak for
themselves. They need to be analyzed and
discussed to gain significance. Analysis of data
involves explanation of observed trends or patterns
and other forms of interrelationships between
variables. In addition, deviation from hypothesized
relationships between variables must be explained.
What are Summary and Conclusion?
The Summary and Conclusion is a capsule version of the results and
discussion. This section emphasizes the significant results and generalization
without explanation as to how they were arrived at.
The summary is a review or concise restatement of the essential points made
in the discussion of results. It recapitulates the major results of the study. It
contains no new information or ideas. It is a restatement of information, not an
addendum.
The conclusion answers the problem stated in the introduction (Chapter I). It is
based on the results of the investigation.
Like the previous sections of the research paper, the Summary and Conclusion
must be objective, clear, well-organized, and relevant to the present study. It
must be consistent with the rest of the paper and must not contradict what has
been said in the earlier sections of the paper.
What is Recommendation of a study?
Recommendation is generally included at the end of a
research discussion. It may propose action or further
research.
More specifically, recommendations may:
A. Recommend follow-up or future work that remains to
be done, such as:
 carrying out research which seeks to replicate or
extend your study;
 carrying out new research which you were unable to
attempt, but feel is necessary;
 applying or considering the implications of your
research
B. Reflexively caution or advise on problems,
weaknesses or omissions of your own study. For
example:
 variables that still need to be examined more fully;
 weaknesses in your methodology, such as an
unrepresentative or small sample; and
 the purpose is to avoid the same pitfalls that could be
committed by other researchers.
What is Bibliography?
Bibliography is a list in alphabetical order by author, of all the
published information that was referred to anywhere in the text of
the research paper.
- It gives the reader the information he needs if he wishes to
conduct a literature search on a related problem or read further
the cited literature of the study.
- It contains all the literature cited anywhere in the text of the
paper and all the references used by the researcher/ author in
conducting the investigation and preparing the paper.
-The prescribed format for scientific literature is followed in listing
the entries in the bibliography.
The APA Bibliography is commonly used in research study.
HOW TO WRITE THE APA BIBLIOGRAPHY?

The following are the steps of writing the APA bibliography:
Step 1:
• Gather your sources together in a preliminary
bibliography.
Step 2:
Format each citation entry by following these rules:
• List authors by last name, first name initial, and middle
name initial (e.g., Doe, J. J.).
• Do not spell out first or middle name(s).
• Capitalize only the first letter of the title and subtitle of the
article or book.
• Italicize titles of journals or books.
• Use an ampersand before the final author on works with
multiple authors.
Step 3:
Format your bibliography page by following these rules:
• Use References as the title, centered at the top of the
page.
• Double-space your text.
• Include the page number.
• Follow the letter by letter alphabetizing method.
EXAMPLE:
References
Beal, M. F. (2003). Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and

inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Academic Science
991. 120-13. Health Informatics Journal, 13(2), 155-6.
Chase, M. H. (1999, September 24). Too often the elderly don’t

get the drugs or care they need. Wall Street Journal. 31.
Kidd, P. M. (1999). A review of nutrients and botanicals in the

integrative management of cognitive dysfunction.
Alternative Medicine 4(3). 144-161.
Morrison, J. H., & Hof, P. R. (1997). Life and death of neurons
in the aging brain. Science, 278(5337), 412-419.
Perlmutter, D., & Colman, C. (2004). The better brain book.

Riverhead Books.
What is Abstract of the Study?

Abstract is a condensed write-up of a technical article.
 It informs the reader concisely about the objectives of the
study, the materials and methods employed, the findings,
and the conclusion derived from the results/findings.
It allows people who cannot find time to read the entire paper
to survey its essential contents quickly.
 It describes and explains more than what the title gives but is
abbreviated compared to the entire research paper.
When the title cannot provide sufficient basis for usefulness of
the paper, the reader turns to the abstract for an informative
digest of the contents.
 A well written abstract can be easily read and understood.
 It is complete and clear without having to refer to the original
article, but it is not meant to substitute for it.
 It is a short paragraph limited to about 250 words.
What is Appendix in a study?
Appendix is a voluminous raw data that can no

longer be accommodated in the Results and
Discussion. Formulas, Derivations of Formulas,
Computations, and communications are placed
in this section.
THANK YOU!!!!!!

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REPORTING FINDINGS,

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND

 Implications: why do the results matter?

 Limitations: what can’t the results tell us?

HOW TO WRITE THE APA BIBLIOGRAPHY?

Beal, M. F. (2003). Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and

Chase, M. H. (1999, September 24). Too often the elderly don’t

Kidd, P. M. (1999). A review of nutrients and botanicals in the

Perlmutter, D., & Colman, C. (2004). The better brain book.

What is Abstract of the Study?

Appendix is a voluminous raw data that can no

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