CCNA Level-1

Certified cisco networking academy (switch and router)

NETWORK
• A network is a group of two or more computers or other electronic devices
that are interconnected for the purpose of exchanging data and sharing
resources.
• Local area network (LAN) ...
• Personal area network (PAN) ...
• Wireless local area network (WLAN) ...
• Campus area network (CAN) ...
• Metropolitan area network (MAN) ...
• Wide area network (WAN) ...
• Storage area network (SAN) ...
IP
• An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the unique identifying number
assigned to every device connected to the internet. An IP address
definition is a numeric label assigned to devices that use the internet to
communicate.
• Consumer IP addresses
• Private IP addresses
• Public IP addresses
• Dynamic IP addresses
• Static IP addresses
COMMAND
• Open the command prompt by typing the term 'cmd' (no quote marks)
in the Windows search panel.
• The following window will appear. Type "ipconfig" (without the
quotes) to access the private IP address information.
• It will display the following information.
• Wireless and LAN(ipv4)
Ipv4 is 32bit address
Ipv6 is 128bit address
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• It provides a full transport layer services to applications.
• It creates a virtual circuit between the sender and receiver, and it is
active for the duration of the transmission.
• TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and retransmits the
damaged frames. Therefore, it ensures all the segments must be
received and acknowledged before the transmission is considered to be
completed and a virtual circuit is discarded.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• At the sending end, TCP divides the whole message into smaller units
known as segment, and each segment contains a sequence number
which is required for reordering the frames to form an original
message.
• At the receiving end, TCP collects all the segments and reorders them
based on sequence numbers.
7 Layers of OSI Model

1.Physical Layer
2.Data-Link Layer
3.Network Layer
4.Transport Layer
5.Session Layer
6.Presentation Layer
7.Application Layer
APPLICATION
• HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. This protocol
allows us to access the data over the world wide web. It transfers the
data in the form of plain text, audio, video. It is known as a Hypertext
transfer protocol as it has the efficiency to use in a hypertext
environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to
another.
• SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is
a framework used for managing the devices on the internet by using
the TCP/IP protocol suite.
APPLICATION
• SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. The TCP/IP
protocol that supports the e-mail is known as a Simple mail transfer
protocol. This protocol is used to send the data to another e-mail
address.
• DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address is used to
identify the connection of a host to the internet uniquely. But, people
prefer to use the names instead of addresses. Therefore, the system
that maps the name to the address is known as Domain Name System.
APPLICATION
• TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. It establishes
the connection between the local computer and remote computer in
such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the
remote system.
• FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard internet
protocol used for transmitting the files from one computer to another
computer.
IP Address Format

Network Address: The network address specifies the unique number which is
assigned to your network. In the above figure, the network address takes two bytes
of IP address.
Host Address: A host address is a specific address number assigned to each host
machine. With the help of the host address, each machine is identified in your
network. The network address will be the same for each host in a network, but they
must vary in host address.
CLASS
SUBNET ADDRESS
• Suppose a class A address is 11.65.27.1, where 11 is a network prefix
(address), and 65.27.1 specifies a particular host address on the
network. Consider that a network admin wants to use 23 to 6 bits to
identify the subnet and the remaining 5 to 0 bits to identify the host
address. It can be represented in the Subnet mask with all 1 bits from
31 to 6 and the remaining (5 to 0) with 0 bits.
Wildcard Mask
• If you needed to create an access list that's going to deny everything
from the 172.16.56 network, but permit all other traffic, then see
above.
• #deny 172.16.56.0 0.0.0.255
What is a Switch?
• A switch is a networking device, which provides the facility to share
the information & resources by connecting different network
devices, such as computers, printers, and servers, within a small
business network.
• With the help of a switch, the connected devices can share the data &
information and communicate with each other.
• Without a switch, we cannot build a small business network and
cannot connect devices within a building or campus.
Types of Switch
• Unmanaged Switches
The unmanaged switches are mainly used for basic connectivity. These are
mostly used in small networks or wherever only few more ports are
required, such as at home, in a lab, or in a conference room. In unmanaged
switches, there is no requirement for any configuration, which means by just
plugging in, they will work.
• Managed Switches
Managed switches are more secure than unmanaged switch, and provide
other features and flexibility because we can easily configure them to
custom-fit our network. Hence, we can have the greater control, and can
also better protect our network and improve service quality for those who
access the network.
How does a switch work?
• As we know, each networking device contains a unique MAC (Media
Access Control) address. When a device or computer sends an IP
packet to another device, then switch put the IP packet with source
MAC address and destination MAC address, and encapsulate it with a
Frame, and then send it to another device.
Advantages of Switch
• It enhances the available bandwidth of the network.
• It can be directly connected to the workstations or devices.
• Enhances the performance of the network.
• Networks with switches have less frame collision, and it is because
switches develop the collision domain for each network.
• It helps in reducing the workload on the individual host such as PCs.
What is a Router?
• A router is a networking device used to connect multiple switches and
their corresponding networks to build a large network. These switches
and their corresponding networks may be in a single location or
different locations.
• A router is an intelligent device and responsible for routing the data
packets from source to destination over a network. It also distributes
or routes the internet connection from modem to all the networking
devices either wired or wireless, such as PC, Laptop, Mobile phone,
tablet, etc
What is a Router?
• It mainly performs two functions;
• Creating and maintaining the local area network,
• Managing the entering & leaving data.
• The router connects multiple networks and allows the networked
devices & users to access the internet.
• It works on the network layer & route the data packets through the
shortest path across the network.
Working of a Router
• Within a home or office, we have various networked devices such as
PC, tablets, printers, etc., and with the router, these devices can be
connected to the internet and form a network. A router first connects
the modem to other devices to allow communication between these
devices and the internet.
Working of a Router
• Router routes/transmit the data packets with the defined IP address
from one network to another or within a network. It does it by
providing a local IP address to each device over the internet; it ensures
the right destination so that data reach the right place rather than lost
within the network.
• It finds out the best and fastest path and then sends data packets from
that path to the devices connected within the network.
• It works similar to the delivery package with a defined address to
reach the right recipient only.
Types of Router
• Wireless Router
• Wireless routers are the most commonly used routers in offices and homes as
they don't need any wire or cable to connect with networking devices.
• It provides a secure connection, and only authenticated users can access the
network using the id & password.
• Wired Router/Broadband Router
• As its name suggests, it requires a wire or cable to connect to the
network devices.
• Such routers are mostly used in schools or small offices to connect the
PCs with the Ethernet cable.
Advantages of Router
• The wireless routers are mostly used that enable most networking
devices to connect easily at any time, without the worry of a bunch of
wires.
• It can connect with the different architecture of the network, such
as Ethernet cable, Wi-fi, or WLAN.
• It provides highly secure network access with password protection.
• It reduces the network traffic with the help of the collision feature.
• It provides data packets to the correct destination with the best route
using the routing table and intelligence.
Switch Router

It connects multiple networked devices in the network. It connects multiple switches & their corresponding networks.

It works on the data link layer of the OSI model. It works on the network layer of the OSI model.

It is used within a LAN. It can be used in LAN or MAN.

A switch cannot perform NAT or Network Address Translation. A router can perform Network Address Translation.

The switch takes more time while making complicated routing decisions. A router can take a routing decision much faster than a switch.

It provides only port security. It provides security measures to protect the network from security threats.

It comes in the category of semi-Intelligent devices. It is known as an Intelligent network device.

It works in either half or full-duplex transmission mode. It works in the full-duplex transmission mode. However, we can change it manually to work on half-duplex mode.

It sends information from one device to another in the form of Frames (for L2 switch) and the form of packets (for L3 It sends information from one network to another network in the form of data packets.
switch).

Switches can only work with the wired network. Routers can work with both wired & wireless networks.

Switches are available with different ports, such as 8, 16, 24, 48, and 64. A router contains two ports by default, such as Fast Ethernet Port. But we can also add the serial ports explicitly.

It uses the CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table for the source and destination MAC address. It uses the routing table to get the best route for the destination IP.
Basis of Comparison Proxy Server VPN

Encryption It does not encrypt the traffic. It encrypts the traffic.

Software It does not have its own software. It has its own software.

Speed It is faster than VPN. It is slower in comparison to the proxy server.

Cache It uses cache. It does not use cache.

IP Address It hides the IP address but the proxy owner can see the The IP address is completely hidden.
client's IP address.

Connection It is unstable. It is seamless.

Pricing It is mostly free. It is chargeable.

Reliability Its connection drops more frequently. Its connection is more reliable.

Level of Working It works on the application level. It works on the operating system level.

Security It is less secure. It provides greater security.