Module 2

MODULE 2
• Physical layer: Guided Media, Unguided Media, Wireless Transmission: Electromagnetic

Spectrum. Switching: Circuit-Switched Networks, Packet Switching, Structure Of A Switch
• DLL Design Issues (Services, Framing, Error Control, Flow Control), Error Detection and
Correction(Hamming Code,Parity, CRC, Checksum) , Elementary Data Link protocols : Stop
and Wait, Sliding Window(Go Back N, Selective Repeat), Piggybacking, HDLC
• Medium Access Protocols: Random Access, Controlled Access, Channelization. Ethernet
Protocol: Standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet, 10-Gigabit Ethernet
• In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between
the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which data is sent from one
place to another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:
• 1. Guided Media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being transmitted
are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
• High Speed
• Secure
• Used for comparatively shorter distances
• There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
• (i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally,
several such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely
used Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another. This type of
cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for
this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.
• Advantages:
• ⇢ Least expensive
• ⇢ Easy to install
• ⇢ High-speed capacity
• ⇢ Susceptible to external interference
• ⇢ Lower capacity and performance in comparison to STP
• ⇢ Short distance transmission due to attenuation
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
This type of cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to
block external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data
channels of telephone lines.
• Advantages:
• ⇢ Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
• ⇢ Eliminates crosstalk
• ⇢ Comparatively faster
• ⇢ Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
• ⇢ More expensive
• ⇢ Bulky
• (ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and
2 parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable
transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog
television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
• (ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and
2 parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable
transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog
television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
• Advantages:
• High Bandwidth
• Better noise Immunity
• Easy to install and expand
• Inexpensive
• Disadvantages:
• Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network
• (iii) Optical Fiber Cable –
It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The
core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is used
for the transmission of large volumes of data.
• The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division
Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.
• Advantages:
• Increased capacity and bandwidth
• Lightweight
• Less signal attenuation
• Immunity to electromagnetic interference
• Resistance to corrosive materials
• Disadvantages:
• Difficult to install and maintain
• High cost
• Fragile
• 2. Unguided Media:
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media. No physical medium
is required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
• Features:
• The signal is broadcasted through air
• Less Secure
• Used for larger distances
• There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:
• (i) Radio waves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and
receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM
radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for transmission.
• (ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be
properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly
proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are
majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution.
• (iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate
through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency
Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer,
etc.
• Wireless Transmission
• The Electromagnetic spectrum
• Radio Transmission
• Microwave transmission
• Infrared and millimeter waves
• Light wave transmission
The Electromagnetic spectrum
• Satellite vs fibre
PSTN
• A typical circuit route for a medium-distance call
• Major Components of the Telephone System
• – Local loops: Analog twisted pairs going to houses and businesses
• – Trunks: Digital fiber optics connecting the switching offices
• – Switching offices: Where calls are moved from one trunk to another
• DLL Design Issues (Services, Framing, Error Control, Flow Control),
• Error Detection and Correction(Hamming Code,Parity, CRC, Checksum) ,
• Elementary Data Link protocols : Stop and Wait, Sliding Window(Go Back N, Selective
Repeat), Piggybacking, HDLC
• Services, Framing, Error Control, Flow Control
ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION
• Medium Access Protocols:
• Random Access, Controlled Access
• Channelization. Ethernet Protocol: Standard Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
• Gigabit Ethernet
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet

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MODULE 2

• Physical layer: Guided Media, Unguided Media, Wireless Transmission: Electromagnetic

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