Projections of Point and Line

Course Outcomes: -

After completion of this Lesson students will be able to,

1. Draw the projection of point.
2. Draw the projections of line when it is parallel to one plane
and perpendicular to other reference plane.
3. Draw the projections of line when it is parallel one reference
plane and inclined to other reference plane.
4. Draw the projections of line when it is inclined to both the
reference plane (HP and VP).
 Evaluation Scheme
Sr. Exam is of Converted
Exam Topic
No (Marks) to (Marks)
09 1. Projection of Line MCQ
2. Orthographic Projection –
1 ISE 09 20
Problem based learning
02 3. Discussion Forum
1. Projection of Line, Plane
2 UT-I 25 15
2. Projection of Solid
1. Section of Solid
UT-II 25 15
2. Development of Solid
3 ESE 100 50 1. All topics

3
Types of lines used in engineering
drawing

Line for an outline of view

Projection line

Hidden line

Center line

4
 Drawing Scale
Left side -On Right Side-
Paper / Sheet dimensions as
in real world

Type of scale Recommended scale

1:10 1:2 1:5
Reduction
scale (ex- 1:100 1:20 1:50
representation of
class room on 1:1000 1:200 1:500
paper)
1:10000 1:2000 1:5000
10:1 20:1 50:1
Enlargement
scale 2:1 5:1

Full scale 1:1

5
 Theory of Projection

Projection :
In Engineering drawing, the word projection means an
image or the act of obtaining the image of an object.

Technical people often refer to the image as a view.

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7
8
 Planes of Projection
• Vertical Plane of Projection (V.P.)
– Also called as Frontal Reference Plane (F.R.P.)
– Projections obtained in FRP are called as Front View

• Horizontal Plane of Projection (H.P.)

– Also called as Horizontal Reference Plane (H.R.P)
– Projections obtained in HRP are called as Top View

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F.R.P. H.R.P. and F.R.P.

H.R.P

10
 Planes of Projection

P.R.P
F.R.P 900

H.R.P.
X

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 Four Quadrants

• If the Planes of Projection are extended beyond the

line of intersection (XY line) they form four
quadrants.
• All planes are assumed to be transparent.

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 VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY. 13
 Projection of Point
Q. Draw the projections of the following points, if
1. 25 mm above HP and 45 mm in front of VP
2. 35 mm above HP and 50 mm behind VP
3. 40 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP
4. 30 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP
5. 50 mm above HP and on VP
6. 45 mm below HP and on VP
7. On HP and 35 mm in front of VP
8. On HP and 25 mm behind VP
9. On HP and VP
POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
2ND QUADRANT 15 1ST QUADRANT
15 VP a’
B A
b’
b 15 OBSERVER
20 OBSERVER HP

HP

HP
HP

OBSERVER
15 OBSERVER d 20
c’
C d’
POINT A IN 15 POINT A IN
D
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP 15

Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise 15

 How you will draw on the sheet
PF PF
PT

x y x y

PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT POINT IN 1st QUADRANT

PT

PT: TOP VIEW

x y
x y
PF: FRONT VIEW PT

PF PF

POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

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 Projection of Line
Q. Draw the projections of the following lines,
1. A line AB of 50 mm long, is parallel to both HP and VP. The line is
40 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
2. A line AB of 25 mm long, is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
The end points A and B of the lines are 35 mm and 10 mm above
HP respectively. The line is 20 mm in front of VP.
3. A line AB of 25 mm long, is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.
The end points A and B of the lines are 10 mm and 35 mm in front
of VP respectively. The line is 20 mm above HP
4. A line AB is 30 mm long and inclined at 30° to HP and parallel to
VP. The end A of the line is 15 mm above HP and 20 in front of VP.
5. A line AB is 30 mm long and inclined at 30° to VP and parallel to
HP. The end A of the line is 15 mm above HP and 20 in front of VP.
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv

For Tv
A
a’ a’
F or
A Fv
Y Y
Y F or
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A F or
Fv

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP 18
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
Objective: - TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - FV & TV.

INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE:

IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP).

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP AND PERPENDICULAR TO PP.

3. A HORIZONTAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO VP & // TO HP).

4. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

6. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP. 20

 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
. A Showing True Length Fv
1. V.P FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to HP B For
Fv

& TV a b
Tv a b
// to VP X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
.
A Line V.P F.V
.
b’ &
B both show T. L.
// to HP a’
& A Y X Y
// to VP For
Fv
b a b
Tv
X V.
T.
a
H.P.
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 V.P.
For Tv Note:
Fv is a vertical line
. Showing True Length Fv
V.P
a’ b’
3.
A &
Tv is a point.
a’ B
b’ X Y
1.A For fv
a
HORIZONT
Tv
AL LINE a
b
( LINE b
PERPENDIC H.P.
ULAR TO
VP & // TO
HP).
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
True Length Tv parallel to xy. b’
4. .
V.P
b’
.
F.V
A Line inclined to Hp B

V.


F.
a’
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A b
a
T.V. b
.
X T.V
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
5. Fv parallel to xy.
.
V.P . b’ a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp F.V
and a’
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
T.V.
b
True Length H.P.
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 For Tv
For Tv
6. A Line inclined to both
b’ Hp and Vp b’
.
V.P
. (Pictorial presentation) V.P
B
B

.
F.V
.
F.V


 Y
Y
On removal of object a’ For
a’ For i.e. Line AB F v
F v Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a b
a T.V. b T.V.

V.P.
b’
NOTE: a and b are NOT FV
the true angles a’ 
(inclinations) of the line
with the planes X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated a  (No view is parallel to xy)
900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes below xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P. b
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 Illustration No. 1
The FV of line AB measures 45 mm and
apparent inclination with HP is 50º. The TV is 35
mm long. Complete the projection of the line
AB. The point A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm
in front of VP.
 Illustration No. 1 A
The FV of line AB measures 45 mm and
apparent inclination with HP is 50º. The TV
length is inclined at 40° to VP. Complete the
projection of the line AB. The point A is 10 mm
above HP and 15 mm in front of VP.
 Illustration No. 1 B
The TV of line AB measures 45 mm and
apparent inclination with VP is 50º. The FV is 35
mm long. Complete the projection of the line
AB. The point A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm
in front of VP.
 Illustration no. 2
A line BC 80 mm long is inclined at 45º to HP
and 30º to the VP. Its end B is in the HP and 40
mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the
line BC.
 Illustration No.3
A line CD, 90 mm long, measures 72 mm in FV
and 65 mm in TV. Draw the two views of the
line if it fully lies in first quadrant. Find the
inclination of line CD, if point C is 10 mm above
HP and 15 mm in front of VP.
 Illustration No. 4
Draw front view and Top view of line RS if the
line is at 45º inclined with VP, 30º with HP.
Given, point R is 20 mm in front of VP, 25 mm
above HP; point S is 55 mm in front of VP and
50 mm above HP.
 Illustration no. 5
A line AB has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30
mm in front of VP. The other end B is 60 mm
above the HP and 50 mm in front of VP. The
distance between end projectors is 70 mm. Draw
its projections. Determine the true length and
apparent inclinations.