Polarity of Molecules ToSend

Polarity of Molecules
“Likes-Dissolves-
Likes".
This refers to the solubility of one substance in
another
2
Polar materials tend to be more attracted to and are
more soluble in polar solvents.
Nonpolar materials tends to be attracted to and are

more soluble in nonpolar materials.
3
Polar molecules
are those that possess regions of positive and negative
charge.
Water is an example of a polar material. The

type of bonds it has, when coupled with its
shape, gives one end of the molecule a slight
positive charge (the hydrogen end) and the
other a slight negative charge (the oxygen
end). These charges are attracted to the
charges on other polar molecules.
4
Polar molecules
Generally, molecules with oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, or

ionizable groups (-CO2H and -SO3H) tend to be polar.
5
Nonpolar molecules
are those that do not possess regions of positive and
negative charge.
Ethane is an example of a nonpolar material.

The type of bonds it has, when coupled with
its shape, leaves the molecule with no
regions of charge.
Generally, the more carbon and hydrogen

atoms a molecule has, the less polar (more
nonpolar) it will be. 6
Molecules
A key concept in a discussion of chemical bonding is that
of the molecule.
Molecules are the smallest units of compounds that can

exist. One feature of molecules that can be predicted with
reasonable success is their shape.
Molecular shapes are of considerable importance for

understanding the reactions that compounds can
undergo.
7
Atoms
The basic building block of all matter and chemistry. Atoms can
combine with other atoms to form molecules but cannot be
divided into smaller parts by ordinary chemical processes.
Most of the atom is empty space. The rest consists of three basic
types of subatomic particles:
protons,
neutrons, and
electrons.
8
Atoms
The protons and neutrons form the atom’s central nucleus.
Protons have a positive electrical charge, while neutrons

are electrically neutral
Nucleus has a positive charge
-Electrons are negatively charged
9
Chemical Bonds
A chemical bond is formed between two atoms by the

complete transfer of one or more electrons from one
atom to the other as a result of which the atoms attain
their nearest inert gas configuration.
There are four types of bonds or interactions:

-Ionic Bond -Hydrogen Bond
-Covalent Bond - van der Waals Bond
10
Ionic Bond
▫ occurs when there is a transfer of
one or more valence electrons
from one atom to another.
▫ It exists between metal and
nonmetal atoms where metal loses
electron/s while nonmetal accepts
the electron/s donated by metal.
▫ Example: NaF (Sodium Flouride)
11
Chemical bonds
Covalent Bond
▫ when two nonmetal
atoms combine, neither
of them loses or gains
electron instead,
electron pairs are being
shared by both atoms
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Factors in Determining Polarity of
Molecules:
A. Polarity of Bonds and

Electronegativity
B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular
Geometry
A. Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity
Electronegativity (EN)
measures the relative tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself when chemically combined with other
atom.
14
What is the connection of
electronegativity to the polarity of
bonds?
- use electronegativity values of the
atoms involved to get the absolute
electronegativity difference (∆EN) which will
help in predicting the type of chemical bond
(ionic bond, polar covalent bond or nonpolar
covalent bond).
Electronegativity
Type of Bond Difference
(∆EN)
Ionic Bond > 1.7
Polar Covalent Bond 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4
16
Polar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds.

Polar Covalent Bonds
A polar covalent bond is formed when electrons are
shared unequally by two atoms in a compound. The
bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole
(represented by ).
Dipole - “two poles”
-molecule has one positive end and one negative end.
-the atom with the higher EN value becomes the partial

negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-)
-atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially

positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole.
19
Always bear in mind that the direction of the arrow is
always pointing from a more electropositive pole to the
more electronegative pole.
Example: HCl
-H has higher EN than Cl
-direction of the arrow is from
H pointing to Cl
- there is unequal electron
density as represented by a size
of the circle.
20
Nonpolar covalent bond - develops if both atoms
equally share a pair of electrons between them.
This occurs when the bonding atoms have

approximately equal EN value or equal
ability to attract electrons to each side.
Example: Cl
21
B. Polarity of Molecules
and Molecular
Geometry
22
For polyatomic molecules, both the bond polarity
and molecular shape determine the overall molecular
polarity.
In terms of molecular geometry, the valence shell
electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help
us to determine the spatial arrangement of atoms in a
polyatomic molecule.
23
You can predict the shape or molecular
geometry of a substance using the following
steps:
Step 1: Determine the central Step 3: Count the number of
atom of a molecule. The central bonding pairs of electrons and
atom is the least electronegative non-bonding (or lone pairs)
element. around the central atom.
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Step 4: Determine the electron

Lewis dot structure for the pair orientation using the total
molecule. number of electron pairs. 24
Consider the examples below:
Example 1: Predict the molecular geometry of BCl3
Step 1: ENB = 2.0
Step 3: The central atom has three
ENCl= 3.0 electron pairs: 3 bonded pairs and no
therefore, B will be the central lone pair
atom and three Cl atoms are Step 4: The electron pair orientation
attached to it. for three electrons is trigonal planar.
Step 2:
Step 5: The molecular shape of BCl3
is trigonal planar.
25
Example 2: Predict the molecular geometry of
CO2 Step 3: For the purpose of determining
Step 1: ENC= 2.5 the position of the bonding pairs, let us
ENO= 3.0 count the double bonds as one bonding
pair. Therefore, CO2 has two bonding
therefore, C will be the central
pairs of electron.
atom and two O atoms will be
the attached to it.
Step 2: Step 4: The electron pair orientation for
two electron pairs is linear.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CO2 is
linear.
26
Example 3: Predict the molecular geometry of
CHCl3.
Step 1: ENC = 2.5, Step 3: There are four bonding
ENH= 2.1 and electron pairs.
ENCl= 3.0.
Because carbon is less Step 4: The electron pair
electronegative than chlorine and orientation for four electron
hydrogen is normally terminal atom,
pairs is tetrahedral.
C must be the central atom.
Step 2:
Step 5: The molecular shape of
CHCl3 is linear.
27
polarity of molecules based on molecular shapes
28

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Polarity of Molecules

Nonpolar materials tends to be attracted to and are

Water is an example of a polar material. The

Generally, molecules with oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, or

Ethane is an example of a nonpolar material.

Generally, the more carbon and hydrogen

Molecules are the smallest units of compounds that can

Molecular shapes are of considerable importance for

The protons and neutrons form the atom’s central nucleus.

Protons have a positive electrical charge, while neutrons

Nucleus has a positive charge

-Electrons are negatively charged

A chemical bond is formed between two atoms by the

There are four types of bonds or interactions:

A. Polarity of Bonds and

Polar Covalent Bond 0.5 to 1.6

Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds.

-molecule has one positive end and one negative end.

-the atom with the higher EN value becomes the partial

-atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially

This occurs when the bonding atoms have

Step 2: Draw the appropriate Step 4: Determine the electron

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