Basic Terms in Genetics - 022246 2

Mendelian Theory of Genetics
Mendel on blending heredity of variation in organisms: Mendel suggested that it was the
manifestation of genes (phenotypes) of parent that are blended in newly born not the entities
of inheritance (genes).
Phenotype refers to the ultimate form, or appearance, of the genotype on physical, emotional
and behavioural processes. Phenotypes are the observed features/characteristics in an
organism. Examples include colour of flower, form of seed, eye colour, height of an organism
etc.
https://images.app.goo.gl/Q6Mv8HkU6No2rHR47
Genotype is the totality of the genes, it is also known as the gene complex that enclose
unique data that can not be merged by reproduction but delivered
Difference between Blended heredity and Mendelian heredity
AA aa AA aa
A aa A aa
Aa Aa
Blended Heredity Mendelian Heredity

Source: Philips J. Corr, 2006 , fig. 2.2
Mendelian Particulate
 Gregor Mendel (1822–84) investigated on the garden pea plant and establish
diversities with specific changes in structures, such as flower pigments (white vs.
purple), seed colour (green vs. yellow) and form of seed (round vs. wrinkled)
Watch video on Mendelian experiment on youtube.com/watch?v=mUr_ezQv1sY
 He then intersected these varieties and perceived which appearances

(phenotypes) propagated accurately and which did not – that is, which parent
group transmitted their phenotype (e.g., white flowers) and which did not. Some
phenotypes bred true, others produced one or other characteristic on a
probabilistic basis. Mendel’s results explained a number of important things
Mendel’s Findings
• Phenotypes of the descendants is not exactly like the observed
features of the parents.
• Some genes are dominant, others are recessive. The dominant gene
always breed through while the recessive only show themselves in
definite conditions. See figure 2.2 in slide no. 3
• Gene which is the unit of inheritance was a “particulate”. It is a

distinctive attribute inherited by an offspring in it real form from
either one or another of it’s parents. It is never a blend of the two.
That is the reason why phenotype skip generations.
Assignment
• Are you lucky to meet your grandparents alive? Have you ever
observe any of their physical attribute(s) that is/are not visible in your
parent but feature in you or any of your sibling(s)? If you have not
make such observation, interact with your parents and ask them to
intimate you of such features. Share that with me.
Mendel propagated three laws:
• 1. Law of Segregation: there are two components of heredity for a
particular trait, the two components keep apart, or detached neatly in
the course of inheritance, so that the progeny get one of the two
components.
2. law of independent assortment: which states that the transmission
of two traits to offspring is autonomous.
3. Law of Dominance: the law stated that some alleles are dominant
while others are recessive
For further clarification watch the video from the following link
Youtube.com/watch?v=mD0Onu2ArGA
Mendelian ratios
• Mendelian ratios pointed out the quantity of diverse phenotypes
anticipated in the children of parents of specific groupings of genotypes.
Mixtures of dominant and recessive genes arrange for statistical
spreading of the expected phenotype. This exploration is vital in the
incident of hereditary disorders that trail a Mendelian form of inheritance
such as Sickle Cell Anaemia
a) b) c) Recessive Sickle
Norma cell Normal Cell Normal Cell Recessive Sickle Cell Cell Recessive Sickle Cell
A AS
Parents AA AA AS AS
A
Gametes A A A A S A S A S
Offspring AA AS
AA AA AS SS
100% 50% 50% 25% 50% 25%
Adapted from Phillips J. Corr, 2006: Mendelian ratios (a) AA x AA cross; (b) AA x AS cross; and (c) AS x AS cross
Basic genetics cont.
• Every organism is made up of cell, each cell in the body of an organism comprises a whole set of genes,
excluding the sex cells (sperm cell/spermatozoa in male, egg cell/ova in females that is the gametes).
• The complete set of genetic materials present in an organism is known as genotype, the final expression
of the genotype is the phenotype.
• Phenotypes change in the cause of interaction with the environment during developmental process while
genotypes do not except in genetic mutation
• Genes are situated on chromosomes, chromosomes are positioned in the heart of cells (nucleus). Man has
23 pairs of chromosomes in each of their cells (in other animals, each of their cells comprised added or
fewer number of chromosomes: dogs, 39; mice, 20; flies, 4; worms, 6; carp 52); on each couple of
chromosomes, and at the identical position (plural, loci), there is a diverse form of a precise gene. These
forms of a gene are called alleles:
• Alleles are the unit of inheritance – genes that come in different varieties (i.e.,
alleles) are termed ‘polymorphic’ (meaning ‘many forms’).
• In broad terms a gene (allele) may be defined as a segment of DNA that has
specific functional effects (e.g., eye colour). If both chromosomes have the same
allele then the individual is said to be ‘homozygous’ for the gene; if the two
chromosomes have different alleles then the individual is said to be
‘heterozygous’ for the gene.
• DNA make up the genes, genes make up the chromosomes, and the
chromosomes make up the genome.
• to understand these terms, analogy can be made to a book where the DNA
represents the letters in the book, genes are the words, chromosomes as chapters
and genome as the entire book
• Watch the video youtube.com/watch?v =mD0O2ArGA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-wIClwmbtw
Analogy of the Basic Terms in Genetics
Chromosomes=
chapters
DNA = letters
Genes = words
Genome = whole book- a guide
for forming a living organism
• Each parent contribute twenty-three chromosomes, out of these, 22 of the

chromosomes are identical or homologous: these are alike whether they come from
the mother or the father; but the 23rd chromosome is dissimilar. This sex chromosome
exists in two forms: X and Y.
• Females receive XX, males XY. These two chromosomes (typically) regulate the
ultimate phenotype – but, several circumstances inhibit these chromosomes from
realising the anticipated endings.
• Having two sets of chromosomes, and consequently two forms of each gene, is
referred to as diploidy (‘diplo’ connotes two or paired; ‘oid’ connotes “similar” or
close to). Gametes (sex cells) are haploid (‘haplo’ connotes single), comprising only a
single chromosome.
Dominant and recessive genes
• Mendel make a distinction amid different kinds of genes, with divergent effects. Genes
may be dominant ( i.e. overriding the other which is denoted by a capital letter, A), or
recessive (denoted by a lower-case letter, a).
• If a dominant gene (A) is existing in at least one of the two
chromosomes then its phenotype will be visible; for the phenotype of a recessive gene to
be visible, genes on the two chromosomes must be recessive (i.e., aa) – in this case, the
person is homozygous for the gene.
• for youtube video on dominant and recessive genes view youtbr.com/watch?

v=mD0Onu2ArGA
• Many unhealthy phenotypes are formed by recessive genes
(e.g., sickle-cell anemia)
• Recessive genes will not be visible in the existence of the
overriding dominant gene, which generally has a greater
occurrence in the population; as a result recessive genes
can avoid selection force and be transmitted on to
upcoming generations.
• Dominant genes that manifest their pathological (deadly)

phenotype early in life rapidly vanished: the affected
person will not live long enough to reproduce and transfer
the gene.
• Fitness means the capability of a creature to leave larger portion of its
genes in subsequent generations than other individuals

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Mendelian Theory of Genetics

Blended Heredity Mendelian Heredity

Watch video on Mendelian experiment on youtube.com/watch?v=mUr_ezQv1sY

 He then intersected these varieties and perceived which appearances

• Gene which is the unit of inheritance was a “particulate”. It is a

• Each parent contribute twenty-three chromosomes, out of these, 22 of the

• for youtube video on dominant and recessive genes view youtbr.com/watch?

• Dominant genes that manifest their pathological (deadly)

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