Lesson 2

LESSON 2
Developing the
whole person
ADOLESCENCE
Adolescence is considered as a transition from
childhood to adulthood, a passage from one stage to
another (Hurlock, 1982). Puberty which is part of
adolescence has its onset at ages 10-11 for girls and
11-12-for boys.
PHYSICAL CHANGES AND THEIR
IMPLICATION
There are several changes happened and
experienced when you were around 13 years
old, which is the onset of adolescence for
most children. Girls start their growth burst
earlier than boys, but boys eventually grow
taller than girls. In terms of body size, your
height and weight has rapidly increased, their
muscles grow larger than boys, so boys are
usually stronger than girls. When you get
older, your thin and long trunk has broadened
at the hips and shoulders, and you may notice
a pronounced waistline. Your arms and legs
to be seemly in the right proportion to your
hands and feet when you reach puberty
Spermarche is the production and release of
sperm. The boys know this when they
experience nocturnal emission.
Menarche is the first menstrual period that

marks a girl’s sexual maturity and is capable to
be pregnant.
Testosterone is an androgen that strongly
associated in the physical maturation of boys. It
is related to development of genitals, changes
in height, and deepening of voice, as well as
sexual desires and activities.
Estradiol is an estrogen that is associated in
the physical development of girls, such as
breast, widening of hips, and development of
their uterus.
COGNITIVE CHANGES AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS
 As you grow older, your physical
attributes changes and developed as
well as the mind.
Prefrontal cortex
-is the gray matter of the anterior part of
the frontal lobe that is highly developed in
humans and plays a role in the regulation
of complex cognitive, emotional, and
behavioral functioning. It is involved in
decision-making, reasoning, and
controlling one’s emotions.
COGNITIVE CHANGES AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS
 Amygdala
-is thought to be a part of the limbic system
within the brain, which is responsible for
emotions, survival instincts, and memory. It
is a section of the brain that is responsible
for detecting fear and preparing for
emergency events. While your amygdala is
already fully developed to recognize your
emotions, your prefrontal cortex is not yet
adequately mature to reason and understand
your experiences objectively and may fail to
control intense emotions.
METACOGNITION
 Metacognition is the understanding and awareness of one’s own thought
processes. It is "cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", or
"knowing about knowing" and higher order thinking skills.
 It comes from the root word "meta", meaning beyond. It can take many
forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular
strategies for learning or for problem solving. This results in increased
introspection, but may also lead to some sort of egocentrism or
preoccupation with the self. For example, you may think that the people
around you are talking about you which make you feel conscious.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL CHANGES AND
THEIR IMPLICATIONS
Feelings and emotions are two sides of the same coin and highly interconnected, but
are two very different things. Emotion chemicals are released throughout our
bodies, not just in our brains, and they form a kind of feedback loop between our
brains & bodies. Feelings happen as we begin to integrate the emotion, we use
“feel” for both physical and emotional sensation — we can say we physically feel
cold, but we can also emotionally feel cold. This is a clue to the meaning of
“feeling,” it’s something we sense.
These are the changes occur during adolescence
period.
1. Feeling overly sensitive
During puberty, since your body

undergoes many changes, it is common
to feel uncomfortable about them and
become overly sensitive about your
physical appearance.
2. Looking for an identity
Since you are in the process of

becoming an adult, you may feel
inclined to figure out what makes
you unique as a person. There is also
a general tendency that you associate
more with your friends than your
family members.
3. Feeling uncertain
Since you're not completely an adult

and are not a child anymore, puberty can
potentially lead to uncertain times. As a
transition phase, you may begin to wonder
and think about new and unfamiliar aspects
of life such as career, livelihood and
marriage. Since, all of this is new and
unfamiliar when you start thinking along
these directions, you may feel uncertain
about the future.
4. Peer pressure
With the onset of puberty, your

conversations with your friends will
increase. Your peer group and you
are likely to be influenced by what
you see around you in popular media
and the culture that is represented
through them.
5. Conflicting thoughts
Since you are somewhere in

between as a teenager during puberty,
you may feel stuck between how you
were as a child and how you wish to
be as an adult. For example, you
might want to be more independent
and at the same time, might also look
for support from your parents.
6. Mood swings
To add to the uncertainty and

conflicting thoughts, you may also
experience frequent and sometimes
extreme changes in your mood. For
example, sometimes your mood will
swing between feeling confident and
happy to feeling irritated and
depressed in a short span of time.
7. Feeling conscious about self
The onset of puberty can vary

on an individual basis. Therefore the
way you grow maybe different from
the way your friends grow. This can
make you conscious about the way
you're growing up and your body.
8. Getting sexual feelings
Puberty is also the phase after which

you develop sexual maturity. Sexual
maturity is the stage of your life when you
can have children. One aspect of sexual
maturity is being curious about sex and
also about bodies of people that you are
attracted to. With the onset of puberty, it is
normal for a boy or a girl to be sexually
attracted to people that they would want
be more than 'just friends' with.
SOCIAL CHANGES AND THEIR
Adolescence
IMPLICATION is the period of developmental transition between
childhood and adulthood. It involves changes in personality, as
well as in physical, intellectual and social development. During
this time of change, teens are faced with many issues and
decisions. The social development of adolescents is best
considered in the contexts in which it occurs; that is, relating to
peers, family, school, and community. Social pressures and
demands add to the stress and storm of the adolescence years.
Peer Relationship
One of the most obvious changes in adolescence is that the
hub around which the adolescent’s world revolves shifts from the
family to the peer group. It is important to note that this decreased
frequency of contact with family does not mean that family
closeness has assumed less importance for the adolescent
(O’Koon, 1997). As they spend more time outside your home,
teenagers become close to their friends instead of their family. As a
result, friends can influence a child's thinking and behavior. This is
the essence of peer pressure. Peer pressure can be a positive
influence and sometimes not.
Here are some tips to help minimize the negative influences of
peer pressure and to maximize the positive:
 Develop a close relationship with your child, and encourage open and honest
communication. Children who have good relationships with their parents are
more likely to seek a parent's advice about decisions or problems.
 Help your child understand what peer pressure is. The child will be better able
to resist negative influences if he or she understands what's happening and why.
 Reinforce the values that are important to you and your family.
 Nurture your teen's own abilities and self-esteem so that he or
she is not as susceptible to the influences of others.
 Teachyour child how to be assertive, and praise assertive
behavior.
 Give your teen breathing room. Don't expect him or her to do
exactly as you say all of the time.
 Try to avoid telling your child what to do; instead, listen
closely and you may discover more about the issues
influencing your child's behavior.
School
For most adolescents, school is a prominent part of their life. It is
here that they relate to and develop relationships with their peers and
where they have the opportunity to develop key cognitive skills. For
some youth, it is also a source of safety and stability. Some of the same
qualities that characterize families of adolescents who do well—a
strong sense of attachment, bonding, and belonging, and a feeling of
being cared about—also characterize adolescents’ positive
relationships with their teachers and their schools. One additional
factor, adolescent perception of teacher fairness, has also been found to
be associated with positive adolescent development.
Family
During adolescence, parent–adolescent conflict tends to increase,
particularly between adolescent girls and their mothers. This conflict
appears to be a necessary part of gaining independence from parents
while learning new ways of staying connected to them (Steinberg,
2001). Daughters, in particular, appear to strive for new ways of relating
to their mothers (Debold, Weseen, & Brookins, 1999). In their search for
new ways of relating, daughters may be awkward and seem rejecting.
Understandably, mothers may withdraw, and a cycle of mutual
distancing can begin that is sometimes difficult to disrupt. If parents can
be reassured that the awkwardness their teen is displaying is not
rejection and can be encouraged to stay involved, a new way of relating
may eventually evolve that is satisfying for all.
Community
The characteristics of the community in which an adolescent lives
can have a profound impact on the adolescent’s development.
Community includes such factors as the socioeconomic
characteristics of one’s neighborhood, the types of resources
available, the service systems within the community (including
schools), religious organizations, the media, and the people who
live in the community. Some communities are rich in resources that
provide support and opportunity for adolescents. Unfortunately,
many communities, particularly in inner cities or poor rural areas,
do not.
Moral/Spiritual Changes and Their Implications
Morality refers to the way people choose to live their lives according to a set of
guidelines or principles that govern their decisions about right versus wrong, and
good versus evil.
As youths' cognitive, emotional, social development continue to mature, their

understanding of morality expands and their behavior becomes more closely
aligned with their values and beliefs. Therefore, moral development describes the
evolution of these guiding principles and is demonstrated by the ability to apply
these guidelines in daily life. Moral development starts with obeying your elders
when you were child to more internal, moral thinking during adolescence.

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Menarche is the first menstrual period that

During puberty, since your body

Since you are in the process of

Since you're not completely an adult

With the onset of puberty, your

Since you are somewhere in

To add to the uncertainty and

The onset of puberty can vary

Puberty is also the phase after which

As youths' cognitive, emotional, social development continue to mature, their

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