GENDER ROLES

GENDER ROLES
 - are expectations about peoples attitudes, and behaviors in
life based on whether they are female or male.
LABELLING
-occurs at birth and the first step in
the process of developing gender
identity sense of being male or
female and what the means in one
society.
 MASCULINITY

Traits that have been traditionally associated with

men. With include

 Aggressiveness
 Independence
 Dominance
 Competence
Femininity

Traits that have been traditionally associated

with women. With include

 Passivity
 Dependency
 Sensitivity
 Emotionally
Language
 Is one of the most powerful tools used both
deliberately and inadvertently to
established and maintain rigid gender roles.
 The subtle ways we talk about people of
the other sex reinforce stereotyped nag
segregates people by sex.
GENDER BIASED LANGUAGE
 reinforces the misguided notion that
men are more competent and
rational than women.
Terms used for a men are often
more positive and affirming whereas
equivalent terms for women more
negative and degrading.
Gender Norms and Family Life

Whether like it or not families are

organized around expectations about
gender roles.
 Environment most certainly has an impact
on gender behavior especially as behavior
relates to language

 Environment can be the family and broader

social environment. Therefore parents can
insist on a certain behavior in their families,
but interaction in ones schools and
communities also effect how children
respond ton gender issue.
 Knudson-Martin(2012) concludes that
biology, family and the environment all
interact to determine how one develops
views and behaviors regarding to gender.
DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY
WORK BY GENDER
REPORTER : JOANNA FE T. JAIM
Extensive research has been
carried out in the past several
years about gender and the
division of labor in household.

A summary of current findings

(Meier,Mcnaughton-Cassill &
Lynch,2006) include the
following:
 Husband & wives have both decreased of the total
number of hours spent on housework.

 Wives still do almost two-thirds of the work

compared to husband

 Having children makes the imbalance even greater

 Mothers spent twice as much time caring for
their children as fathers

 Even though fathers spend more time with

children today than in the past, they still are
often seen as helpers in providing care for their
children.

 Perceptions of fairness regarding the division of

household responsibilities area more likely
predictor of marital discord than actual behavior.
 According to (Lee & Waite, 2005) husbands and
wives disagree about how much household each
spouse does. These researchers found that wives
typically make accurate estimates of husband’s time
spent on housework, and husbands overestimate the
time they spend .
Why is it that women still do most of the
housework?
There are several possible explanation.
 Portman and van der Lippe (2009) discuss several
factors , based upon past research. According to these
authors , research might indicate that the partner
that has the least amount of power and, therefore,
will be relegated to doing household chores and in
most cases that is the woman in the household
 Portman & van der Lippe (2009) found that women
did, indeed have more positive attitudes about child
care, cleaning, and cooking than men did. Women
not only enjoyed these tasks, they felt they had more
responsibility for these tasks than men had, and they
also had higher standards for how well the tasks
should be done.
EMOTION WORK IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
 Although most research
on marriage relating to
gender has focused on
housework and care of
children, recent research
has conceptualized
emotion work in families
(Erickson, 2005)
 Women are deliberate about paying
attention to the emotional well-being
of other family member.

 Other researchers talk about mental

work that happens in families and this
work is also divided unequally , with
women performing more mental work
than men ( Meier et al.. 2006).
 Mental work includes worrying about children and
household tasks, planning and monitoring children’s
activities, seeking solutions to child care problems,
and managing the division of labor and the
delegation of tasks (Meier et al..2006)
Spending
time with
Children
Lyn Craig (2015)

The time parents spend with

children has actually increased over
recent years, even with more dual-
earner household.
 Craig (2015) indicates that this intensive parenting
most often falls on the mother since she spends more
time with children. Father’s time with children has
increased as well, with children benefiting from an
increase in overall time they receive from both
Parents parents.
 The time spent by each parent does differ

FATHER MOTHER

Typically spend time reading, talking More likely to do the routine care that
and participating in leisure activities. needs to be done on a regular basis
and is typically more constraining
Father often work along side mothers rather than than the time spent by fathers.
doing these tasks alone. Craig (2015) indicates
that the more education parents have the more
time is spent with children.
● It needs to be noted that parents with less education may not be spending as
much time with children because of other responsibilities necessary to meet the
basic needs of the family.
● There may be more time available for children when parents have more
education and are less likely to work multiple jobs.
● Putman (2015) indicates that both education and income affect the time parents
spend with children, with low income parents putting energy into making a living
with little time for intensive parenting.
 Benefits of spending time together

●It build children’s self-esteem

●It strengthens family bonds
●It develops positive behavior
●It encourages communication
●It can help your child’s academic performance
●It can help your children to be a good friend
 MATERNAL
GATEKEEPING
 Maternal Gatekeeping

● it refers to behaviors that affect how women and men collaborate in the work of
the family. This is defined by Allen and Hawkins (1999) and has continued to be
addressed in literature (Schoppe-Sullivan, 2010).
● As Schoppe-Sullivan (2010) reviews the recent literature, she talks about
maternal gatekeeping. This is when mothers may be ambivalent about giving up
their role as the parent with most knowledge about child care.
 Maternal Gatekeeping

Examples of Maternal Gatekeeping

Can be when a mother rushes in to fix what the father has done such as
not putting on a child’s hat correctly, or not wiping a child’s mouth often
enough while feeding.
Schoppe-Sullivan (2010) also proposes that if women can close the
gate, they can also open it. Fathers can be complimented as often as they
are discouraged by a mother.
 Maternal Gatekeeping

She concludes that when both parents are invested in providing child care, the
child benefits. Equality in child care can happen when:
• Fathers take the initiative some of the time, and do not wait to be invited to
provide care
•Fathers do not give up, even if there are signs of disapproval.
•Mothers think before action is taken or response is given.
•Mothers give compliments.
 TRADITIONAL VERSUS
CONTEMPORARY VIEW
OF GENDER ROLES

z
 z

TRADITIONA CONTEMPORARY
L VIEW VIEW
 TRADITIONAL
VIEW OF
GENDER
z

ROLES
• A male – oriented culture

• According to Parson’s, in
this modern family,
society required that
men be instrumental and
women can be
expressive.
z
z
z
z

 Clearly, there are ideas

that women and men
should behave in ways that
fall into specific categories
determined solely on their
gender.
 CONTEMPOR
z
ARY VIEWS
OF GENDER
ROLES

• It is assumed that both

sexes are capable and can
be successful in a variety of
roles at home and at work.

• Men and women can

benefit by learning from
each other.
 Gender Roles Across
Ethnic groups
• it is believed that gender roles do not spring from innate
characteristic idividual possess rather, they learned
behaviors rooted in the social context of a particular culture
in which people live.
Gender Role
Across Ethnic
Group
WILMA MANKILLER

• A former chief of the

Cherokee Nation and the first
woman ever elected to the
position.
• election reflected the
ggrowing power of women in
Native American tribe.
Asian American Culture
Asian
American
Culture
• they are successfull in the US
culture.
• they value highly education.
• they have the highest family
income of any ethnic group.
• they value tradition and
respect their elders.
• they have a family and group
orientation
Gender Issues
for Immigrant
Couples
• Gender issue include all
aspects and concerns related to
women and mens lives and
situation in society to the way
they interrelate the differences
and access to and the use of
resources , their activities and
how they react to changes ,
interventions and policies.
Theories about
Gender Roles
By: ARABELLA M. LLAGONO
BTLE-HE 3A
 Theorist interested in gender
roles have focused on how
children acquire gender-role
identity during the early years
of life and how changes in
gender - role identity occur.
Four theories:

-Social Learning Theory,

-Cognitive Development Theory, -
Family Systems Theory, and the
-Feminist Framework
Social Learning
Theory
Social Learning theory is
concerned with how
individual learn the behavior
patterns considered
appropriate for their sex.
As individuals grow and
develop, they assess
personal situations and
develop standards and
rules by which to live
 In the case of gender
roles, individuals begin as
very young children to
internalize the standards
and rules for being a boy
or a girl in our society.
 Children observe the people around
them behaving in various ways, some
of which relate to gender.
 Children learn many of their
gender roles by observing and
modeling the behavior of older
children and adults, and in doing
so, learn the behaviors that are
appropriate for each gender.
Jerome Kagan (1964)

- a Social Learning theorist

- argued that children at a

young age dichotomize the
world as female versus male
- Kagan believed that children want to
develop a gender - typed identity and that
they see variations from gender - traditional
ideal as failure

- Certain aspects of gender - role standards

cause unnecessary anxiety and restrictions
for individuals, and he propose that perhaps
these standards should be changed.
Theories of Gender Role
1. Cognitive Development Theory
2. Family System Theory

REPORTER: DHEA LARRA M. LOBRIGAS

Cognitive Development Theory
• Cognitive Development
Theory
• The cognitive development
theory links gender-role
development to the more
general maturation of the
child's thinking processes.
Cognitive Development Theory
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1966). the
developer of this theory. He
argued that children
themselves actively create
gender identity. genderrole
stereotypes, and values in
their minds in their efforts to
understand the world around
them.
Cognitive Development Theory
Paull Mussen (1969) synthesized social
learning and cognitive processes in
looking at gender-role development.
Mussen noted that labeling occurs
early in the child's life and that the
child must see the label as positive.
rewarding, lovingly applied, and
accepted by the labeler.
Social Learning and Cognitive
Development Theories
• First, critics argue that these carly theories
erred by assuming that children a with
same sex develop very simílar gender-role
identities.
• Second, the early theories were criticized
for identities as desirable and divergence
from the norm as deviant.
• Third. the theories were criticized for
assuming that early childhood is a critical
period in gender-role development and that
an adult's gender-role characteristics spring
directly from early-childhood experiences
Family System Theory
• Family systems theory suggests that
the family functions as an
interconnected system. A change in
one Family member necessitates
compensatory changes in other
family members if the family is to
achieve a new balance.
Family System Theory
• According to the family system
Theory, the change is a difficult
process for both individuals and
families.
• For examole: A young woman
who desires more independence
in a family wanting to maintain
traditional family roles.
Family System Theory
• Family systems that are balanced
tend to be more open to change
and are more supportive of
independence in family
members. In contrast, some
types of unbalanced family
systems particularly rigidly
enmeshed types, are resistant to
change und restrict
independence in family
members.
FEMINIST
FRAMEWOR
K
1.Mortality Nobel Laureate Amarta Sen
(2001)
inequality
2.Natality
inequality
3.Basic
institutional
inequality
4.Special
opportunity
inequality
5.Professional
inequality
6.Ownership
inequality
7.Household
inequality
Power in
Families
Prepared by: Criselle Anne C. Madjos
The fundamental concept in social
science is Power, in the same sense in
which Energy is the fundamental
concept in physics.

—Bertrand Russell
●The words family and power are inextricably linked.
●Power, control, and authority are continuously exercised in
families, and struggles for personal power in families are
exceedingly common.
● Tradition has dictated that considerable power goes to the males
in the family, but women often have more power than they or
anyone else admit.
 Power

●Can be defined as the ability (potential or actual) of an individual

to change the behavior of other members in a social system.

Family Power

●The ability o one family member to change the behavior of the

other family members.
Many of the characteristics of power in close relationships were summarized
by Kathleen M. Galvin and Bernard J. Brommel (2000)

●Power is a system property-a feature of a family system-rather than a

personal characteristic of any one family member.
● Power is an interactive process involving one family member who
desires something from one or more other family members; these
members may affect all other members in the system.
Many of the characteristics of power in close relationships were summarized
by Kathleen M. Galvin and Bernard J. Brommel (2000)

●Power is also a dynamic process, not a static one. It creates reciprocal

causation (that is, family members react to power attempts) in which one
move leads to another, which leads to another, and so forth.
Many of the characteristics of power in close relationships were summarized
by Kathleen M. Galvin and Bernard J. Brommel (2000)

●Power also changes over time, particularly when the family is under
stress. Power has both perceptual and behavioral aspects: The same
power issue may be perceived differently by each family member.
Power in Couple
Relationships
●Although there may be a goal of being equal in power when it comes to
couple relation ships, according to Carmen Knudson-Martin (2012) that is
typically not the case.
●Knudson Martin (2012), a therapist, begins this discussion by stating
that most couples operate under the assumption of invisible male
power, indicating that women listen to and accommodate their partners
more than men.
●There are multiple reason for this, most of which are societal
stereotypes and patriarchy. Historical gender norms are alive and well in
that women take care of relationships and are supposed to be available
to care for others. Men, on the other hand, are supposed to have
answers and are not supposed to be vulnerable..
●In addition. according to Knudson-Martin, men's needs and desires are
often not questioned. These inequities are so common in society, they
are not questioned by couples. Women are more likely than men to have
college degrees. However, those degrees have not translated into equal
pay for women.
 According to Knudson-Martin (2012)

●Equal power or equal support is when individuals notice and respond

to each other, are open to influence, and tune in to the emotions of each
other. Couples who experience equal power also validate each other-
they listen and respond, letting the other person know she or he has
worth.
●Equality also promotes honest and direct communication rather than
trying to manipulate the situation to get a certain outcome.
●These strategies not only equalize power but create intimacy and
marital satisfaction because they allow each person to be vulnerable in
communicating. This vulnerability results when individuals trust each
other.
●Although power in a relationship is often held by men, power can
change depending on what is happening with the couple. For example.
power may move to a person who had indicated a need to leave the
relationship, and power is not necessarily dependent on gender.
 Knudson-Martin (2012)

●Concludes that it is very difficult for a couple to assess the degree to

which they have an equal relationship when it comes to power. They may
need a therapist to help them understand power in their relationship
and help them equalize it.
 Thanks
Do you have any questions?

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EGALITARIAN
ROLES AND
MARITAL
SATISFACTION
REPORTER: MARTIN, DOLLY B.
EGALITARIAN ROLES AND MARITAL
SATISFACTION

When it comes to the importance of an equal relationship versus traditional

relationship to material satisfaction, the national survey by Oison (2008)
clearly demonstrated that the more equal the relationships are highly related
to marital satisfaction.
SUGGESTIONS FOR MINIMIZING POWER
ISSSUES

• Many of the conflicts that cause relationship stress are struggles over
the power process ( the way decisions are made) rather than
disagreements about a specific issue.

• Decision making should be balanced by the value of the areas each

partner controls, not by the number of areas each has.
• Men may think they have a lot to lose by giving up some of their power
over women and children, but, in fact, they have a great deal to gain.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING