ARUSHA TECHNICAL

COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

COURSE: ELECTRICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
MODULE NAME: MEDICAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT THEORY
MODULE CODE: EBT 06204
TASK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT
S/N NAMES OF GROUP MEMBER ADMISSION NUMBER
1 ALLEN AUGUSTINE 21030602005
2 ATHUMAN ABDALLAH 21030612016
3 CYNTHIA TEREWEN 21030612038
4 EVANCE AMOS 21020312085
5 MARIAH CHARLES 21030612145
6 MOZEE MOSES 21030612092
7 NURU MBWANA 21030602003
8 OSIDAI MATHEW 21030612099
9 PERPETUA JOSEPH 21030612101
10 RAYAN SEDOYEKA 21030612108
11 SERGIO POLYCARP 20030612087
INTRODUCTION

It is a non-invasive medical
imaging device that uses high
What is an Ultrasound Machine frequency sound waves to create
images of the human body’s
internal structure.

The technique employed is The person who performs

known as ultrasonography or ultrasound is known as
sonography. diagnostic medical sonographer.
 1. Central Process Unit (CPU)
SYSTEM PARTS OF
This is the brain of the whole machine operation; it
AN ULTRASOUND is a specialized computer that works in tandem with
MACHINE the transducer probe to turn sound waves into
images you see on the screen. Typically consists of
microprocessors, memory(RAM) and specialized
hardware for handling signal processing tasks.
The roles of the CPU are as follows;
i. Communication and control
ii. Signal interpretation
iii. Building the picture
CPU
The roles of the CPU are as follows;
i. Communication and control
ii. Signal interpretation
iii. Image Formation
SYSTEM PARTS OF
2. Transducer probe
AN ULTRASOUND
It is a handheld component that directly
MACHINE interacts with the patient’s body. Its main
function is that it acts as a transmitter and
sender of the sound waves. It also steers
and shapes the sound beam for optimal
image acquisition but also converts echoes
into electrical signals.
Transducer
probes
Transducer probes
i. Linear Array Probes: These probes have a flat,
elongated shape and a linear arrangement of
piezoelectric crystals. They produce a high-
frequency, rectangular beam that is ideal for
imaging superficial structures with high
resolution. Linear probes are commonly used for
examinations of muscles, tendons, blood
vessels, breasts, and thyroid.
Transducer probes
ii. Convex Array Probes: Also known as curved
probes, convex array probes have a curved array
of piezoelectric crystals that produces a fan-
shaped beam. This wider beam allows for better
penetration into deeper organs and tissues.
Convex probes are often used for abdominal
examinations, including imaging of the liver,
kidneys, uterus, and ovaries.
Transducer probe
iii. Phased Array Probes: These probes have a
flexible array of piezoelectric crystals that can
be electronically steered to change the direction
of the ultrasound beam. This allows for real-time
imaging from multiple angles, which is
particularly useful for examinations of the heart
and blood vessels. Phased array probes are also
used for musculoskeletal examinations and
image-guided procedures.
Transducer iv. Endo cavitary Probes: These probes are specially
designed for internal examinations. They are small and
probe slender, allowing them to be inserted into body cavities
such as the vagina, rectum, or esophagus. Endo cavitary
probes produce high-frequency sound waves that provide
detailed images of internal organs.
SYSTEM PARTS OF
AN ULTRASOUND
MACHINE 3. Transducer Pulse Control Unit(TPC)
This is the control center for the sound waves
generated by the transducer probe in the ultrasound
machine. It dictates the characteristics of the
soundwaves impacting the quality and detail of the
resulting image. TPC generate the precise electrical
signals, control various parameters such as frequency,
amplitude and it controls the timing and the intensity
of the electrical signals sent to the crystals.
SYSTEM PARTS OF
AN ULTRASOUND
MACHINE 4. Display
It acts as a window to see the human internal parts, it
takes complex data processed by the CPU and
transforms it into a clear, informative image for the
sonographer to interpret. It controls various aspects.
i. image modes
ii. Screen layout
iii. Image adjustments
Display
i. image modes
ii. Screen layout
iii. Image
adjustments
SYSTEM PARTS
OF AN
ULTRASOUND
MACHINE

Image modes
• Brightness mode

• Doppler mode
 5. Knobs and Keyboard
i. Knobs
They control and adjust the depth of the
ultrasound image displayed on the screen,
SYSTEM the overall brightness of the image and the
focal point of the sound beam within the
PARTS OF AN body.

ULTRASOUND
ii. Keyboard
MACHINE The keyboard has several functions such
as inputting the patient’s information,
image annotation and accessing advanced
system settings.
 6. Printer
•Although it’s not essential component for
SYSTEM functionality of an ultrasound but it has vital
roles such as; serving printed images as
PARTS OF AN physical records for patient chart and medical
record, using the printed images for educational
ULTRASOUND purposes such as teaching medical students and
MACHINE backup for digital archiving system.
Printer
• An example of a dedicated
digital ultrasound printer
 • Ultrasound works under the principle like that of
sonar in submarine and echolocation used by bats.
WORKING • In the transducer probe of an ultrasound machine
PRINCIPLE there is a transducer material known as
Piezoelectric Crystal. This crystal converts the
OF AN electrical signal to high frequency sound waves that
penetrate into the human body and reflected back
ULTRASOUN due to meeting obstacles such as; organs and
tissues.
D MACHINE
 • Piezoelectric Effect; this is the action where a
transducer crystals vibrate when exposed to electric
current as they generate electric signals.

WORKING • Pulse Transmission; the ultrasound generates short

electrical pulses. These impulses travel through a
PRINCIPLE cable to the transducer, causing crystal to vibrate
and emit high frequency sound waves.
OF AN • Echo Generation; as the sound waves travel
ULTRASOUN through the body, they encounter tissues with
different densities. The density variations cause
D MACHINE some of the sound waves to reflect back (echo)
towards the transducer, while others continue
deeper or get absorbed.
 • Echo Reception; the echoes travel back to the
transducer, causing the crystals to vibrate again due
to the Piezoelectric effect. This vibration generates
WORKING electrical signals that are picked up by the machine.
• Signal Processing; the received electrical signals
PRINCIPLE are weak and need processing. The machine
OF AN amplifies, filters and analyzes these signals to
extract the relevant information.
ULTRASOUN • Image Formation; the computer within the
D MACHINE machine uses sophisticated algorithms to analyze
the properties of the echoes like arrival time,
intensity and frequency.
 • Depth Calculation; the time taken for the sound
waves to travel to a particular structure and back
WORKING determines the depth. The following formula is
applied; d =(time*speed of sound)/2
PRINCIPLE • Doppler shift calculation; For Dopller ultrasound,
the machine analyzes how the frequency of the
OF AN reflected sound waves changes compared to the
ULTRASOUN transmitted wave. The following formula is
applied; fd = 2*ft*v/c
D MACHINE • Acoustic Impedance; This is a property of a
medium that relates the pressure of a sound wave to
its particle velocity. Its calculated by z = p/v
TYPES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
1. 2D Ultrasound Machine; they are the basic type,
and they produce two-dimensional images of the
scanned area. They are commonly used in obstetrics
and gynecology for fetal imaging.
2. 3D Ultrasound Machine; these do create three-
dimensional images by scanning multiple 2D images
from different angles. They provide a more detailed
view of the scanned area and are useful in obstetrics,
cardiology and urology.
TYPES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
3. 4D Ultrasound Machine; they are also known as
dynamic 3D ultrasound as they produce real-time
moving images. They are widely used in obstetrics to
visualize fetal progress.
4. Doppler Ultrasound Machine; these measure the
speed and direction of blood flow using sound waves.
They are used to assess blood flow in various parts of
the body and its commonly used in cardiology,
vascular surgery and obstetrics.
Types of
ultrasound • Images produced by types above
machine
TYPES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
5. Portable Ultrasound Machine;
These are compact and lightweight
ultrasound machines designed for use
in remote or point of care settings,
such as emergency rooms, ambulances
and rural healthcare facilities.
TYPES OF AN
ULTRASOUND MACHINE
6. Handheld Ultrasound Machine;
They are small, handheld ultrasound
devices that connect to smartphones or
tablets. They are used for quick
bedside assessments and also point of
care diagnostics.
TYPES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
7. Specialized Ultrasound Machine;
these are designed for specific medical
diagnostic such as musculoskeletal
ultrasound for imaging joints and soft
tissues, endoscopy ultrasound for
imaging the digestive tract and
intraoperative ultrasound for guiding
surgical procedures.
APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE

Abdominal Imaging; an ultrasound can also be used to Vascular Imaging; an ultrasound can visualize the blood
image the organs in the abdomen such as liver, kidney, flow within the vessels which can help in diagnosing variety
spleen and pancreas. This can lead to identification of of conditions such as carotid artery disease, peripheral artery
conditions like Gallstones, Appendicitis, Liver disease disease and deep vein thrombosis.
and Aortic aneurysm.
APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
Prenatal Care; an ultrasound gives an imaging technique used to
monitor a developing fetus in belly during pregnancy. It provide a
real-time image to assess the fetus in terms of growth, position,
heartbeat, anatomy and multiple pregnancy.

Pelvic Imaging; an ultrasound can be used to image the organs in the

pelvis of a human body such as uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes. It
helps in diagnosing different conditions like Ovarian Cysts, Pelvis
Inflammatory Disease and Endometriosis
 APPLICATION OF
ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
• Echocardiography; An
ultrasound can also be used to
give image of the heart. It can
be used to diagnose heart
valves functions, heart walls
motion and congenital heart
defects.
APPLICATION OF
ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
• Musculoskeletal Imaging;
also an ultrasound can be used
to image the muscles, tendons
and ligaments. This can
diagnose conditions such as
sprains and strains, joints
effusion and bursitis.
APPLICATION OF
ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
• Therapeutic Applications;
ultrasound is also used in a
number of therapeutic applications
such as lithotripsy which is a
procedure of breaking kidney
stones, pain management and
tumour ablation.
 APPLICATION OF
ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
• Biopsy Guidance; an ultrasound
can also be used to guide needles
during biopsies. This is a
procedure in which a small sample
of tissues is taken from an area of
the body for examination under
microscope.
COMMON FAILURES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
Here are Poor image quality due to inadequate acoustic coupling
common between the transducer and the patient’s skin.
failures or
limitations Artifacts such as reverberation, shadowing and acoustic
of clutter can degrade image clarity.
ultrasound
imaging;
Limited penetration depth especially in obese patients or
when imaging structures deep within the body.
COMMON FAILURES OF ULTRASOUND
MACHINE
Difficulty imaging structures behind gas-filled organs or bones due
to acoustic impedance mismatch.
Inability to visualize certain tissues or structures with low
ultrasound reflectivity, such as lungs or bowel loops.
Operator dependency- skill and experience greatly influence image
quality and diagnostic accuracy.
Motion artifacts caused by patient movement or breathing, leading
to blurred images.
COMMON
FAILURES OF
ULTRASOUN Difficulty imaging structures in areas with
D MACHINE complex anatomy or where ultrasound beams are
blocked by intervening structures.

Risk of misinterpretation or missed diagnosis if

subtle abnormalities are not detected.

Cost and accessibility limitations in some settings,

particularly in resource-limited areas or for certain
specialized ultrasound modalities.