5 Heat Transfer Autosaved

Heat
Transfer
WMSU Engr. Darry B. Junsay

Professional Mechanical Engineer
MEAN AREA CONCEPT
• When the area changes in the direction of flow, sometimes it is
convenient to use a mean area and use the heat equation applicable
to a slab i.e.
when this concept is applied to a cylinder

Example 2.13: A hollow cylinder of inner radius 0.16 m and
thickness 8 cm conducts heat radially. Determine the mean area
and check for the heat flow
PARALLEL FLOW
There are certain occasions where the barrier to heat flow is made up of several materials
in the same thickness as in a brick wall where bricks and mortar form the same layer. In
this case the heat flow is along parallel paths. (Fig. 2.11(a)) The assumption made here is
that temperature drop in each layer is the same. This is solved by using electrical analogy
as shown in Fig. 2.11(b), (c).
Example 2.14: Two slabs are placed in contact, but due to roughness, only 40% of
area is in contact and the gap in the remaining area is 0.02 mm thick and is filled
with air. The slabs are 10 cm thick each and their conductivities are 15.5 W/mK and
200 W/mK. The temperature of the face of the hot surface is at 250°C and the
outside surface of the other slab is at 35°C. Determine the heat flow and the
contact resistance. The conductivity of air is 0.0321 W/mK.
Solution: Of the contact area it is assumed that half of the contact is due to either metal. Total
area is taken as 1m². The equivalent circuit is given below (suffixes refer to the circuit)
CONDUCTION
WITH HEAT
GENERATION
INTRODUCTION
• In this chapter the additional factor of heat generation within the body is
to be considered.
• Heat generation is met with in electrical conductors carrying current. The
resistance heating has to be dissipated in such a way that the conductor
does not fail.
• The maximum temperature in the wire has to be limited. A more serious
case is the heat generation in nuclear reactor fuel rods.
• Here the generation rate is very high and accidents will be catastropic.
The heat generated has to be collected at the required rates at the
boundary to avoid failure.
• Microwave heating is another example. Exothermic reaction in chemical
processes also may cause problems if proper care is not taken to
maintain the temperature at or below the allowable level.
• The heat flow under steady conditions is easily estimated as the product
of the volume of the body and heat generation rate.
• The temperature drop through the body will increase with increased heat
generation. Higher thermal conductivity will lead to lower temperature
drop.
STEADY STATE ONE DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION IN A
SLAB WITH UNIFORM HEAT GENERATION
The results of analysis are the same in both cases.

Example 3.1: Heat is generated in a slab of 120 mm thickness with
a conductivity of 200 W/ mK at a rate of W/m3. Determine the
temperature at the mid and quarter planes if the surface of the
solid on both sides are exposed to convection at 30°C with a
convection coefficient of 500 W/m2K. Also find the heat flow rate at
these planes and the temperature gradients at these planes.
The other boundary of interest is when the two
surfaces are maintained at different specified
temperatures as in
Example 3.2: In example 3.1, if the temperatures at the surfaces are maintained at
130°C and 150°C on the left and right sides determine the location and value of the
maximum temperature. Also find the heat flow on each side and the temperature at
the centre plane. q = W/m3, L = 0.06 m, k = 200 W/mK
STEADY STATE RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDER WITH
UNIFORM HEAT GENERATION. (FIG. 3.3)
Solid Cylinder: The boundary conditions are:
Example 3.3: A cylinder of 12 cm diameter has a heat generation rate W/m3. The
conductivity of the material is 200 W/mK. The surface is exposed to air at 30°C. The
convection coefficient is 500 W/m2K. Determine the temperatures at the center and
also at mid radius. Also determine the heat flow at the surface on unit area basis.
Calculate the temperature gradients at the mid radius and surface .
Hollow cylinder of radius Ri , Ro with Ti and To specified. The
boundary conditions are
Example 3.5: A hollow cylinder 6 cm ID and 12 cm OD has a heat
generation rate of 5 × W/m3. The inner surface is maintained at 380°C and
the outer surface at 360°C. The conductivity of the material is 30 W/mK.
Determine (i) the location and value of the maximum temperature (ii) the
fraction heat generated going to the inner surface.
Hollow cylinder with inner surface adiabatic: The boundary
conditions are:
RADIAL CONDUCTION IN SPHERE WITH UNIFORM HEAT
GENERATION (FIG. 3.4)
END

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Heat

WMSU Engr. Darry B. Junsay

when this concept is applied to a cylinder

The results of analysis are the same in both cases.

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