Normal Distribution

Normal Distribution
Properties:
1. Its graph is a bell – shaped curve.
2. The mean, median and mode coincides at
the center.
3. Its unimodal.
4. Its tails are asymptotic to the x – axis.
5. Its symmetrical at the center.
6. The total area is 1.
Example Find the area between z = 0 and z =
1:
1. 25

0 1.25

Answer: The area

between z = 0 and z
= 1. 25 is 0.3944.
Example Find the area between z = 0 and z =
2:
2. 12.

0 2.12

Answer: The area

between z = 0 and z
= 2. 12 is 0.4830.
Example Find the area between z = 0 and z =
3:
-0. 39.

-0.39 0

Answer: The area

between z = 0 and z
= -0.39 is 0.1517.
Activity: Without sketching its graph, find the area of the
following.
1. Between z = 0 and z = 0.4989
3.05
2. Between z = 0 and z = 0.4783
2.02
3. Between z = 0 and z = - 0.4564
1.71
4. Between z = 0 and z = - 0.0319
0.08
5. Between z = 0 and z = 0.4916
2.39
6. Between z = 0 and z = - 0.3559
1.08
Example Find the area to the right of z =
4:
1.34.
0.5

0.4099

0 1.34

Step 1. Find the area between z = 0 Step 2. Subtract 0.4099 from 0.5, thus
and zAnswer:
= 1.34 0.4099 we have:
0.5 – 0.4099 = 0.
Final answer. 0901
The area to the right of z =
1.34 is 0.0901.
Example Find the area to the left of z = 1.34.
5:

0.5
0.4099

0 1.34

Step 1. Find the area between z = 0 Step 2. Add 0.4099 to 0.5, thus we
and zAnswer:
= 1.34 0.4099 have:
0.4099 + 0.5 = 0.
Final answer. 9099
The area to the left of z =
1.34 is 0.9099.
Example Find the area to the right of z = -
6:
1.28.
0.5

0.399
7

-1.28 0

Step 1. Find the area between z = 0 Step 2. Add 0.3997 to 0.5, thus we
and zAnswer:
= -1.28 0.3997 have:
0.3997 + 0.5 = 0.
Final answer. 8997
The area to the right of z = -1.28
is 0.8997.
Example Find the area between z = -1.12 and z =
7: 1.57.

0.368 0.441
6 8

-1.12 0 1.57

Step 1. Find the area between z = 0 Step 3. Add 0.3686 and 0.4418, thus
and zAnswer:
= -1.12 0.3686 we have:
0.3686 + 0.4418 =
Step 2. Find the area between z = 0 0.8104
and zAnswer:
= 1.57 0.4418
Final answer. The area between z = -1.12 and z
Example Find the area between z = 1.12 and z =
8: 1.57.
0.441
8

0.3686

0 1.12 1.57

Step 1. Find the area between z = 0 Step 3. Subtract 0.3686 from 0.4418,
and zAnswer:
= 1.12 0.3686 thus we have:
0.4418 – 0.3686 =
Step 2. Find the area between z = 0 0.0732
and zAnswer:
= 1.57 0.4418
Final answer. The area between z = 1.12 and z =
Find the area of the following.
1. Between z = 1 and z =
3
Find the area of the following.
2. Between z = -1 and z =
1.25
Find the area of the following.
3. Between z = 1.28 and z =
2.25
Find the area of the following.
4. To the right of 2.22
Find the area of the following.
5. To the left of z = -2.05
Find the area of the following.
6. To the left of z = -1.39
Find the area of the following.
1. Between z = 0 and z = 2.12

2. Between z = 0 and z = 0.25

3. Between z = 0 and z = 3

4. Between z = 0 and z = -2.42

5. Between z = 0 and z = -1.37

Find the area of the following.
6. To the left of z = 1.39
Find the area of the following.
7. To the right of z = -1.18
Find the area of the following.
8. Between z = -1.22 and z =
1.54
Find the area of the following.
9. Between z = 1.12 and z =
2.54
Standard Normal
Distribution
Illustrative Example 1:

Ninety-five percent (95%) of students at

school are between 1.1m and 1.7m tall.
Assuming this data is normally distributed,
can you calculate the mean and standard
deviation?
Solution:

• The mean is halfway

Mean () = (1.1m + 1.7m)/2

between 1.1m and 1.7m

= 1.4m
• 95% is 2 standard deviations
() on either side of
• the mean (a total of 4
standard deviations)
• Standard deviations () =
(1.7m – 1.1m)/4
• = 0.6m / 4
Given data:
X 75

Standardize

60 75 0 ?

What is the corresponding z-score of the raw score 75?

STANDARD SCORE or Z –
SCORE - It is the number
of standard deviations a given data point lies
above or below mean.
To convert a RAW SCORE (X) to a Z – SCORE,
we make us of the formula:
 Example 1: Given the mean μ = 50 and the
standard deviation
σ = 5, find the z-value that corresponds to a score
X = 65. Standardize

50 65 0 Z

Solution:

Interpretation: A raw score of 65 is 3 standard deviation

above the mean.
 Example 2: Given the mean μ = 20 and the
standard deviation
σ = 10, find the z-value that corresponds to a score
X = 12. Standardize

12 20 Z 0

Solution:

Interpretation: A raw score of 12 is 0.8 standard

deviation below the mean.
 Example 3: A set of mathematics exam scores has a mean of 70
and a standard deviation of 8. A set of English exam scores has a
mean of 74 and a standard deviation of 16. A student got a score of
78 on both exams. In which exam did he perform better?
Solution: MATH EXAM Solution: ENGLISH EXAM
Given: = 70 Given: = 74

Interpretation: The student performed better in

MATH EXAM.
Example 4: A school nurse recorded the weight of 500 students and
got an average of 40 kg with a standard deviation of 2. Assuming that
weights are normally distributed,
a. What percent of the students are more than 42 kg?
b. What percent of the students are between 35 kg and 44kg?
c. How many students are more than 37 kg?
Understanding Z
scores,
Probabilities and
Percentiles
standard normal distribution
• has the special case where the mean (μ), equals
0, and the standard deviation (σ) equals 1.

• The normally distributed random variable under

this standard normal distribution is known as
standard normal variable and it is always
denoted by letter Z.
• We use the standard score, also known as z-
scores or z-values (z) to represent raw scores(X)
may be composed of large values that cannot be
accommodated at the baseline of the normal
curve.
• conversion from normal random variable(X) to
standard normal variable(z) is highly
encouraged.
• In addition, if someone wants to determine the
exact or raw scores in the standard normal
distribution, conversion from standard normal
variable to normal random variable will be done.
• Example 1: Given the mean μ = 50 and the standard
deviation, σ = 5 of a population of Statistics and
Probability scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a
score X = 65.
• Example 2: The mean μ = 20, and the standard
deviation σ = 10 of a set of summative
• scores of a Grade 11 class, Find the z-value that
corresponds to a score X = 32.
COMPUTING THE PROBABILITIES USING THE
STANDARD NORMAL TABLE

• The z-values are matched with specific areas

under the normal curve using the standard
normal table. The area under the curve is the
probability, this probability gives the desired
percentage for x.
The following notations for a random variable are
used in various solutions concerning the normal
curve.
• P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-
score is between a and b.
• P(z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score
is greater than a.
• P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score
is less than a.
• Example 4: Ms. Santos, a Statistics and Probability
teacher of San Juan Senior High School-Stand Alone
wants to know the probability of the scores of her
students of getting lower than 80 with a μ = 75, and σ
=10. We know that
• the probability P(x <80) = z-value
COMPUTING PERCENTILE
USING THE STANDARD
NORMAL TABLE
A percentile is a measure of relative standing. It
is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a
measurement to the rest of the data. For
example, you got 78 in a test in Statistics and
Probability and you want to know how’s your
standing in comparison with your classmates. If
your teacher tells you that you scored at the 89th
percentile, then it means that 89% of the grades
were lower than yours and 11% lies above or
higher.
Four important things to remember

1. A probability value corresponds to an area under

the normal curve
2. The numbers in the body of the table of areas
under the normal curve or the z- table, also known
as the standard normal table are areas or
probability.
3. z-scores to the left of the mean are negative
values.
4. In locating area at the body of the table, if the
exact area is not available, we take the nearest
area.