Inflammation

Inflammation
Ms. Tabbassum Zehra

Definition:
• Inflammation is any type of tissue damage or tissue infliction that initiates

a set of vascular events, cellular and molecular events that are designed to
clean up any type of cellular debris or pathogens and initiate the process of
repair.
• Inflammation is a protective response involving host cells, blood vessels,
and proteins and other mediators that is intended to eliminate the initial
cause of cell injury, as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from
original insult and to initiate the process of repair.
Goal of Inflammation
• Inflammation usually starts with some stimuli like a pathogens, are

common cause of infection which can leads to inflammation.
• It can also be caused by toxins and trauma.
• E.g: After an intense workout your muscles might feel sore that’s due to
inflammation trying to repair your overused muscle fibers.
• Ultimately the goal of inflammation is to respond to the stimuli and restore
balance.
• Oftentimes that includes eliminating the cause of tissue injury, clearing out
the necrotic or dead cells and starting tissue repair.
Triggering Factors of Inflammation
Inflammation
External
Internal Factors
Factors
Damage
associated
Microbial Non-microbial
molecular
factors factors
patterns
(DAMPs)
Pathogen
Allergens, associated Plasma
Virulence
irritants, toxic molecular membrane Cell dies
factors
compounds patterns injured
(PAMPs)
Immune response
• Our immune system recognizes virulence factors and PAMPs as foreign

substances and can trigger an inflammatory response against them.
• PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) which are cell surface receptors on various leukocytes that help to
activate those cells and spark the inflammatory response which can be
thought as an innate immune system.
• PRRs are non- specific means they don’t distinguish one specific
pathogens from another. Although they can distinguish between broad
categories like viruses from bacteria.
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
• Neutrophils • Lymphocytes
• Eosinophils • Monocytes
• Basophils • Macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• Mast cells
Inflammatory Response
• Inflammation accomplishes its protective mission by first diluting,
destroying or otherwise neutralizing harmful agents (e.g. microbes,
toxins).
• It then sets into motion the events that eventually heal and repair the site of
injury.
• Without inflammation, infections would go unchecked and wounds would
never heal.
• Inflammation helps clear infections and other noxious stimuli and initiates
repair, the inflammatory reaction and the repair process can themselves
cause considerable harm.
• As the white blood cells specifically monocytes or macrophages fighting
with bacteria it start secreting IL-1/TNF-α which activate endothelial cells
little bit later in the inflammatory response to produce E-selectin.
• Macrophages also secretes IL-8 which activate and bind with ICAM and
VCAM in order to get firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells.
• Major cytokines in acute inflammation are TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and a group of
chemoattractant cytokines called chemokines.
• Chronic- interferon gamma and IL-12.
Types of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation

• It is rapid in onset and of short duration, • It may be more insidious, is of longer
lasting from a few minutes to as long as duration (days to years).
a few days. • It is typified by influx of lymphocytes and
• Acute inflammatory response rapidly macrophages with associated vascular
delivers leukocytes and plasma proteins proliferation and fibrosis (scarring).
to sites of injury. • The outcome of acute inflammation is
• Once there, leukocytes clear the either elimination of the noxious stimulus,
invaders and begin the process of followed by decline of the reaction and
digesting and getting rid of necrotic repair of the damage tissue, or persistent
tissues. injury resulting in chronic inflammation.
Acute inflammation has two major components
• Vascular Changes • Cellular Events

• Alterations in vessel caliber resulting in • Emigration of the leukocytes from the
increased blood flow (vasodilation) and circulation and accumulation in the
changes in the vessel wall that permit focus of injury (cell recruitment),
plasma proteins to leave the circulation followed by activation of the leukocytes,
(increased vascular permeability). enabling them to eliminate the offending
• In addition, endothelial cells are agent.
activated, resulting in increased
adhesion of leukocytes and migration
• The principle leukocytes in acute
of the leukocytes through the vessel inflammation are neutrophils
wall. (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).
Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
Stimuli Description
Infections (most common & medically Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic
important cause of inflammation)
Trauma Blunt and penetrating trauma: examples include thermal injury
such as burns or frostbite, irradiation; toxicity from environmental
chemicals
Tissue necrosis Including ischemia (as in a myocardial infarct) and
physical/chemical injuries
Foreign bodies Foreign bodies include splinters, sutures, dirt and crystal deposits.
Immune reactions (hypersensitivity reactions) They are triggered either against environmental substances or
against “self” tissues. Because of stimuli for these inflammatory
responses often cannot be eliminated or avoided, such reactions
tend to persist, with features of chronic inflammation.

Inflammation

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Inflammation

Ms. Tabbassum Zehra

• Inflammation is any type of tissue damage or tissue infliction that initiates

• Inflammation usually starts with some stimuli like a pathogens, are

• Our immune system recognizes virulence factors and PAMPs as foreign

Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation

• Vascular Changes • Cellular Events

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