Chapter 2

Basics of Wireless
Networks

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Learning objectives

 understand wireless networks

To
 To know the access technologies

 To study problems such as interference, multi-path

propagation, path loss, battery life, etc.

 To illustrate issues like channel allocation, routing,

mobility, security, power management,
etc.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless networks

Wired network
 Wire as communication medium
 High data rate

 No mobility

Wireless network
 Radio waves and air as a medium
 Less data rate

 Highly portable

 Mobility

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless networks (Contd..)

 Provide inexpensive and rapid connection setup with

Internet

 Restricted by distance

 radio cells to provide connectivity

Overlapping

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network architecture

It consists of mobile hosts, fixed hosts, access stations (BS),

core network to support mobility and switching.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Wireless network architecture (Contd..)
Mobile host
 Laptop, mobile phone, PDA, notebook, etc. can

move from one place to another place while

maintaining connection with wireless network.

Fixed wireless host

Cannot move but the medium is radio waves.
Example: wireless web servers, printers, etc.

Access Network
 Consists of access stations (BS) which provide
services to hosts reachable from it.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Wireless network architecture (Contd..)
Core Network

 Consists of active components that perform

data switching between access stations (BS),
and provide location and mobility services.

 Facilitates communication from mobile host to

mobile host, mobile host to wired node, fixed
host to wired node, fixed host to mobile host,
etc.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Classification of wireless networks

 Wireless body area networks

 Wireless personal area networks
 Wireless local area networks
 Wireless metropolitan area networks and
 Wireless
wide area networks such as GSM or
CDMA cellular networks
Satellite networks and access networks
broadband

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

 Max. signal range 2 meters

 Interconnecting respective devices within the surface of the body

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

 Max. signal range of 10 meters

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
• Signal range is ≈100 meters.
• Also called the Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi or IEEE 802.11)

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Recall: an example of wired LAN

Laptop Laptop Laptop

Server Printer

Work Work Work

Station Station Station

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
A user is connected if An example of wireless LAN Each cell operates at a
he/she is in the coverage different frequency
area of a cell

Work
Laptop Station Laptop Laptop Laptop
Laptop

Access Access Access

Point Point Point

Server Printer

Access Access Access

Point Point Point

Work Work Work Work Work

Station Station Station Station Station

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
Signal range of approximately 5 km to 20 km (recently up to 50
 Often km)
called Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX or IEEE 802.16)
Wi-Fi users
WiMAX BS may be
connected to
the WiMAX
network

Mobile devices
might have WMAN might
built in WiMAX be owned and
adapter or may operated by
be externally organizations
plugged or public
institutions
These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Classification of wireless networks
(Contd..)
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
 Use network infrastructure of mobile operators.

 Cover wide area much wider than groups mentioned above.

 Use cellular network technologies such as WI-MAX, GSM, GPRS,

3G and others.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless switching technology
Packet switching is the basic type of wireless switching
technology
 Uses short bursts of information, uses channels only
for short periods of time.
 Standard routing protocols.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Recall: Packet switching

From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Recall: Packet switching (Contd..)

From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2 nd Edition

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Wireless switching technology (Contd..)

- Packets are routed and pipelined using multiplexing

- Bandwidth is used only when data is transmitted

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Wireless switching technology (Contd..)

Virtual circuit
 Switched virtual circuits (SVCs)

 Established dynamically on demand

 3 phases – circuit establishment, data transfer, circuit

termination
 Permanent virtual (PVCs)
circuits
 Only one mode i.e., data transfer

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless communication problems
 Increased bit error rate
 Lower transmission power

 Scattering

 Reflection

 Diffraction

 Multipath propagation

 Path loss

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless communication problems
Increased bit error rate

Wireless network media is more prone to errors due to

 obstacles between Tx and Rx
 Interference from neighbour nodes

One can observe

 Frequent disconnections causing to data loss

 Annoying to voice and video clients

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless communication problems (Contd..)
Lower transmission power
 Mobile units powered by battery have scarce energy resources
 Limited transmission power to avoid interference

 Attenuation

Capture power at the receiver side is Pr = Pt / (4 πd / l)2

Where Pt is the transmitter power, d the distance between the transmitter
and the receiver, and l is the wavelength of the signal.
Lp = (4 πd / l)2 is the path loss.

Scattering
 Occurs when signal pass through the object whose dimension is
smaller than the wavelength.
 Scattered waves are produced by rough surfaces, small objects,
irregularities in the channel. Need proper deployment strategies to
reduce it.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless communication problems
(Contd..)
Reflection
 Occurs when electromagnetic wave strikes an object which has
very large dimension compared to the wave length. Ex: walls,
furniture,
buildings, etc.
Diffraction
 Occurs when radio path between Tx and Rx is obstructed by surfaces
that have sharp irregularities (edges) causing secondary waves, which
will be present in space and behind the obstacle.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless communication problems
(Contd..)
Multipath Propagation
 Caused by reflection and scattering
 Radio waves arrive at the Rx from different directions with varying
delays
 Final signal is the summation of all signals

 Antenna diversity are used to overcome this problem

methods

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network reference model
The TCP/IP architecture is functionally equivalent to the
OSI reference model.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Recall: TCP/IP Concepts

From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Protocol Data Units in the TCP/IP
Architecture

Examples:
TCP header includes destination port, sequence number, checksum
IP header includes destination host address (B in previous example)
Network header includes destination subnetwork address
From W. Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network reference model
(Contd..)
 Major similarities and differences between
TCP/IP and the OSI reference models are
 Both models have an application, a
transport, and a network/Internet layer
 The TCP/IP model does not have a
session layer
 Lower layers connects the upper layers

to the actual physical network

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network reference model
(Contd..)
 Application layer functions
This is the layer where end user applications such as remote


login,
mail transfer, file transfer, network management, and web
browsers
run
 Transport layer functions

 Its job is to provide reliable communication from application to

application (end-to-end) regardless of the lower-layer protocols and
communication links
 It encapsulates and deliver it to the network
application layer data layer

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
Illustration of the transport service

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network reference model
(Contd..)
 Data link layer functions

 This includes the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the
MAC (media access control) sublayer.

 It does segmenting the bit stream into frames, error handling,

flow control, and access control.

 MAC is responsible for accessing and sharing of the wireless

channel and reliable delivery by using acknowledgments.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Illustration of data link layer
Computer B
Computer A

P P
Bridge

LLC LLC P
LLC P P

802.3 LLC 802.3 LLC 8024 LLC P 802.4 LLC P

P P

802.3 LLC P 802.4 LLC

802.3 LLC P 802 LLC
802.4 P P

802.3 LLC P 802 LLC

802.4 P

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.
 Wireless network reference model
(Contd..)
 Physical layer functions
 This layer transports encapsulated data from the data link layer and
transmits it wirelessly to the distant network.
 The wireless features and functionality (modulation type, data rate,
and so on) take place at this layer.

These slides are based on the slides formatted by Dr Sunilkumar S. manvi and Dr Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri,
the authors of the textbook: Wireless and Mobile Networks, concepts and protocols. See slide number one.