POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

What is a political ideology?

• A political ideology is a set of ideas,

beliefs, values, and opinions,
exhibiting a recurring pattern. It
provides plans of action for public
policy making in an attempt to justify
explain, contest, or change the social
and political arrangements and
processes of a political community.
 What is a political ideology?

• A political ideology is a certain

ethical set of ideals that explains
how society should work, and
offers some political and cultural
blueprint for a certain social
order. It focuses on type of
government and economy.
Different Political
Ideology
SOCIALISM
• Socialism is a populist economic
and political system based on
collective, common, or public
ownership of the means of
production. Those means of
production include the machinery,
tools, and factories used to produce
goods that aim to directly satisfy
human needs.
 SOCIALISM

• All resources
Controlled
• Means of production
by state/
• Distribution
governmen
• Exchange
t

LIMITED:
• Common ownership

• Rights to private property

 Main objective of socialism
• To eliminate Poverty
• To create a society in which
everyone has an Equal share of
resources and wealth.
Communism is a political and
economic idea that aims for a society
where all property is owned by the
community, not individuals. This
means everyone shares resources
and work together for the common
good. In the Philippines, communism
has influenced politics and society,
leading to various challenges and
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP):
The CPP was founded in 1968 to promote
communism in the country. It seeks to create
a society where workers and farmers have
more rights.
• New People's Army (NPA): The NPA is the
armed wing of the CPP. Since the 1970s, they
have used guerrilla tactics to fight against
the government, especially in rural areas.
 Current Issues Related to
Communism in the Philippines
• 1. Ongoing Insurgency:
The NPA continues to pose challenges to the
government, especially in rural areas. This conflict often
leads to violence and affects local communities, causing
fear and displacement.

2. Human Rights Violations Both the government and

the NPA have been accused of violating human rights.
The government has faced criticism for extrajudicial
killings and wrongful detentions of suspected
communists. Meanwhile, the NPA has been accused of
harming civilians and forcing people to join their ranks.
• Capitalism is an economic system
where private entities own the
factors of production. The four
factors are entrepreneurship,
capital goods, natural resources,
and labor. The owners of capital
goods, natural resources, and
entrepreneurship exercise control
through companies. Individuals
own their labor.
• Capitalistic ownership means owners control the
factors of production and derive their income from
their ownership. That gives them the ability to
operate their companies efficiently. It also provides
them with the incentive to maximize profit. In
corporations, the shareholders are the owners. Their
level of control depends on how many shares they
own. The shareholders elect a board of directors and
hire upper-level executives to manage the company.
Capitalism requires a free market economy in order to
succeed. It distributes goods and services according
to the laws of supply and demand. The law of demand
says that when demand increases for a particular
product, its price rises. When competitors realize that
they can make a higher profit, they increase
 Examples of Capitalism
• The United States is one example of capitalism, but it
doesn't rank among the 10 countries with the freest
markets, according to the Index of Economic Freedom for
2024. It bases its ranking on nine variables, including a
lack of corruption, low debt levels, and protection of
property rights. The top 10 most capitalistic countries
are: Singapore, Switzerland, Ireland, Taiwan,
Luxembourg, New Zealand, Denmark, Estonia, Sweden,
Norway. The United States has hit its lowest global rating
with a rank of 25th. Its weakest points are its massive
government spending and poor fiscal health. It's also
weak in its tax burden that restricts taxpayer freedom.
Its strongest points are labor freedom, business freedom,
and trade freedom.
 What is liberalism?
• liberalism, political doctrine that takes protecting and
enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central
problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that
government is necessary to protect individuals from
being harmed by others, but they also recognize that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty. As the
American Revolutionary pamphleteer Thomas Paine
expressed it in Common Sense (1776), government is at
best “a necessary evil.” Laws, judges, and police are
needed to secure the individual’s life and liberty, but
their coercive power may also be turned against the
individual. The problem, then, is to devise a system that
gives government the power necessary to protect
individual liberty but also prevents those who govern
from abusing that power.
 General characteristics
• Liberalism is derived from two related features of
Western culture. The first is the West’s preoccupation
with individuality, as compared to the emphasis in
other civilizations on status, caste, and tradition.
Throughout much of history, individuals have been
submerged in and subordinate to their clan, tribe,
ethnic group, or kingdom. Liberalism is the culmination
of developments in Western society that produced a
sense of the importance of human individuality, a
liberation of the individual from complete subservience
to the group, and a relaxation of the tight hold of
custom, law, and authority. In this respect, liberalism
stands for the emancipation of the individual. See also
 What Is
NEOLIBERALISM?
Neoliberalism is a policy model that encompasses both politics
and economics. It favors private enterprise and seeks to transfer
the control of economic factors from the government to the
private sector.
Many neoliberal policies concern the efficient functioning of free
market capitalism and focus on limiting government spending,
government regulation, and public ownership.
Neoliberalism is often associated with the leadership of
Margaret Thatcher, the prime minister of the U.K. from 1979 to
1990, and Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the U.S. from
1981 to 1989.
More recently, neoliberalism has been associated with austerity
policies and attempts to cut government spending on social
programs.
• Neoliberalism is contemporarily
used to refer to market-oriented
reform policies such as
"eliminating price controls,
deregulating capital markets,
lowering trade barriers" and
reducing, especially through
privatization and austerity, state
influence in the economy.
 What Are the Effects of Neoliberalism?

• Some effects might include access to more products and

services to meet consumer demand, greater revenue, and
higher profits. Price reductions due to greater competition
can also be an effect. Savings can result from a more
efficient allocation of resources. The better organization of
workforces and the ability to hire needed talent for specific
jobs can result from neoliberal policies, as well. Others
might point out some of the adverse effects believed to be
associated with neoliberalism. These could include
economic inequality, the growth of monopolies, a lack of job
security, the loss of jobs due to outsourcing, and an
increasing indifference to the needs and well-being of
individuals.
What Is an Example of Neoliberalism?

• The North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) is one example. By this agreement,
Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. agreed to remove
many trade restrictions between their countries
to increase economic benefits to each.