Module Units

• Unit 1 Microbiology 8 hours

• Unit 2 Immunology 10 hours
• COURSE CODE:MIM 1102
• CREDITS : 2 (10 hrs make one credit)
 Module Competence
• Designed to enable the learner
• Promote Health
• Prevent illness
• Diagnose
• Manage and rehabilitate pts/clients
 Module Outcomes
• By the end of the module, the learner should:
• Apply concepts in microbiology for dx and
mnx of pts suffering from infectious diseases
• Apply principles of immunology in the mnx of
pts & clients
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the historical development
of microbiology
2. State the different classifications of
micro-organisms.
3. Describe the structure and other
characteristics of microorganisms.
4. Explain the identification of
microorganisms in the laboratory
5. Exlpain the types of immunity
5. Describe immunological process
6. Describe infection prevention
 DEFINITION
• Microbiology is derived from the Greek;
• Micro – small
• Bios – life
• Logia – study
• It is the study of microscopic organisms
either unicellular (single cell),
multicellular or acellular
It encompasses numerous subdisciplines;
• Virology, Mycology, Parasitology and
Bacteriology
 Introduction
• Inside your intestines, in the mouth and on your skin
there reside billions of microbial cells(100 times) the
number of cells that make up the human body
• Because microbes are generally hidden from our senses,
an appreciation of microbiology demands imagination
• Advances in microbiology have transformed diagnosis,
prevention, and cure of infection and has improved
human health.
• In developed countries, infections may be considered
insignificant. In developing countries about 10 million
children die each year from infections of diarrhea,
measles, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough alone.
Others are TB, cholera, typhoid
 Relevance of Microbiology To Nursing
• One MUST have an idea of how infection spreads from one
point to another.
• Understand surfaces most susceptible to infectious
agents(pathogens)
• How to keep instruments aseptic(Free from microbes)
• Helps nurses to recognise S/S of an infection as soon as they
occur.
• How the body reacts to disease or injury
• Basic knowledge in microbiology is prerequisite for
understanding pharmacology. Insulin is obtained from microbial
culture(Recombinant DNA technology – (rDNA )
• Some antibiotics(drugs) are obtained from microorganisms
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Infection and microbiology followed

different development for centuries
• Discipline of microbiology was formally
established in 2nd half of 19th century
• 17century – Leeuwenhoek:
microorganisms seen by microscopy by
using homemade microscope.
• 18century- John Hunter (1728-1793):
demonstrated transmission of syphilis
and gonorrhea
 History Contd
• Edward Jenner (1749 -1823); used cowpox to
prevent smallpox. This established concept of
immunization
• John Snow- (1813 -1858) showed that preventing
access to a water source linked to cholera
outbreak terminated new infections
• This was confirmed by Semmelweis (1818-1865):
who showed that physical measures can prevent
the transmission of infection e.g. applying simple
hygiene measures.
• 19c – Pasteur(1822 -1895) and Robert Koch
(1843-1910):played a central role in establishing
microbial causation of infectious disease
 History Contd
• Pasteur: microbes are necessary for
fermentation; also developed live
attenuated anthrax vaccine.
• Joseph Lister (1827 -1912) a British
surgeon developed asepsis aimed at
destroying microorganisms responsible for
infection during surgery
• Robert Koch: Established techniques
required to isolate and propagate pure
cultures of specific bacteria: TB, cholera,
Anthrax
 Classification of Microorganisms
• Microorganisms exist as unicellular, multicellular or cellular
clusters.
• Microorganisms can be divided into six major types:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Archaea
• Helminths(Not classified as microorganisms per se but some
stages in their life cycle are microscopic.
 Classification contd
• Bacteria : ubiquitous single celled organism
rod-shaped, spherical ,spiral in shape
Can appear singly, in clusters or in chains
• Lack nuclei and other organised cell structures ,hence referred to as
Prokaryotes
• Reproduce by binary fission
• Current classification of bacteria is based primarily on morphologic and
biochemical characteristics.
-Staining xtics (Gram –positive and Gram negative cocci and rods )
- Ability to grow in presence or absence of oxygen (aerobic vs
anaerobic bacteria
• Viruses: Small obligate intracellular infectious
agents
Do not posses energised membranes ,ribosomes, or metabolic enzymes.
 Classification contd
• Viruses Cannot replicate outside living cells, hence
are completely dependent on their host cells.
• Only infect specific cells eg HIV infects CD4 cells
• Genetic material is either DNA or RNA but not both
• A virus can only replicate after its nucleic acid has
entered and subverted the host cell’s biosynthetic
apparatus to produce new viral particles.
• Examples-measles virus,polio,HPV, Hepatitis
A,B,C,D,rhinovirus ,Rhabdovirus
Structure of Bacterium
Simple Structure of a Virus
 Classification contd
• Fungi : These are eukaryotic organisms(membrane
bound nucleus and subcellular organelles such as
golgi bodies,mitochondria
Cause superficial skin infections eg athlete
foot(Tinea pedis) , ringworm(Tinea
capitis),candidiasis –oral or vaginal
• Protozoa : Unicellular eukaryotic microbes
• Has four species > i) sporozoa eg plasmodium
• ii)Flagellates eg trypanosoma Gabiense, T
Rhodensie ,giardia lamblia
 Classification contd
• iii)Ciliate protozoa eg Paramecium,Balantindium
coli
• iv)Amoeba eg amoeba proteus, entamoeba
histolytica that cause amoebiasis
• Helminths: Mulcellular animal parasites,are not
microorganisms per se but some stages of their
life cycle are microscopic. eg roundworms(Ascaris
lumbricoids), pinworms(Trichuris trichuria),
hookworms(ankylostoma duodenale)
 Algae
• Simple non-flowering photosynthetic
organisms.
• Vary from small single-celled to complex
multcellular forms.
• Algae can produce harmful toxins to humans
and animals. eg spyrogyra, kelps ,seaweeds
 Archaea
• Microorganisms which are similar to bacteria in size
and simplicity of structure but radically different in
molecular organization. Archaea differ in the fact that
their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
 General Properties of Microorganisms
• belong to the Protista biologic kingdom.
• include some eukaryotes and prokaryotes, viruses, viroids
•
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• contain organelles and a nucleus bounded by a nuclear
membrane.
• Have 80S ribosomes
• contain complex phospholipids and sterols.
• lack a cell wall (plant cells and fungi have a cell wall).
• have relatively long-lived mRNA(messenger RNA)
• Include fungi, protozoa
 General Properties Contd
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• have no organelles, no membrane-enclosed
nucleus;
• have 70S ribosomes.
• have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
• are haploid with a single chromosome.
• have short-lived, unprocessed mRNA.
• Include typical bacteria and atypical bacteria
(mycoplasmas, rickettsia, chlamydiae)
 General properties - Contd
• VIRUSES
• are not visible with the light microscope.
Electron microscope is used instead
• are obligate intracellular parasites.
• contain no organelles or biosynthetic
machinery, except for a few enzymes.
• contain either RNA or DNA as genetic
material.