Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 345 views

    Simple Pendulum

    Uploaded by

    Gnana Vishnu Varma Pothuri
    This document discusses the motions of a simple pendulum and considers it as a nonlinear equation. It defines a simple pendulum as a mass hanging from a string fixed at one end. For small amplitudes, the pendulum motion can be approximated by a linear equation, but for larger amplitudes it is nonlinear. It provides the exact nonlinear differential equation and discusses solving it using elliptic functions. It also discusses how the true period of a pendulum gets longer as the amplitude increases and compares this to the small-angle approximation period. Finally, it briefly outlines some historical uses of pendulums and their role in measuring gravity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Simple Pendulum

    Uploaded by

    Gnana Vishnu Varma Pothuri
    345 views32 pages
    This document discusses the motions of a simple pendulum and considers it as a nonlinear equation. It defines a simple pendulum as a mass hanging from a string fixed at one end. For small amplitudes, the pendulum motion can be approximated by a linear equation, but for larger amplitudes it is nonlinear. It provides the exact nonlinear differential equation and discusses solving it using elliptic functions. It also discusses how the true period of a pendulum gets longer as the amplitude increases and compares this to the small-angle approximation period. Finally, it briefly outlines some historical uses of pendulums and their role in measuring gravity.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the motions of a simple pendulum and considers it as a nonlinear equation. It defines a simple pendulum as a mass hanging from a string fixed at one end. For small amplitudes, the pendulum motion can be approximated by a linear equation, but for larger amplitudes it is nonlinear. It provides the exact nonlinear differential equation and discusses solving it using elliptic functions. It also discusses how the true period of a pendulum gets longer as the amplitude increases and compares this to the small-angle approximation period. Finally, it briefly outlines some historical uses of pendulums and their role in measuring gravity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    345 views32 pages

    Simple Pendulum

    Uploaded by

    Gnana Vishnu Varma Pothuri
    This document discusses the motions of a simple pendulum and considers it as a nonlinear equation. It defines a simple pendulum as a mass hanging from a string fixed at one end. For small amplitudes, the pendulum motion can be approximated by a linear equation, but for larger amplitudes it is nonlinear. It provides the exact nonlinear differential equation and discusses solving it using elliptic functions. It also discusses how the true period of a pendulum gets longer as the amplitude increases and compares this to the small-angle approximation period. Finally, it briefly outlines some historical uses of pendulums and their role in measuring gravity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 32

    SIMPLE PENDULUM CONSIDERING AS NONLINEAR EQUATION

    BY ABHINAV

    Definition
    Simple Pendulum : A simple pendulum consists of a mass m hanging from a string of length L and fixed at a pivot point P. When displaced to an initial angle and released, the pendulum will swing back and forth with periodic motion

    Motions of Simple Pendulum


    Linear Non-Linear

    Linear pendulum equation of motion:


    X ! -E

    d U !d t

    where is the torque, I is the moment of inertia, E is the angular acceleration, and U is the angle from the vertical. In the case of the pendulum, the torque is given by

    X ! mgLsin U

    where I ! m L

    Substituting these expressions for eq(1) we get the second-order differential equation

     mgl sin U

    !mL d d
    2

    U
    2

    which simplifies to give the differential equation of motion

    The easy way to solve the above Eq. is to restrict the solution to cases where the angle is small. In that case, we can make the linear approximation

    sin U } U

    Contd
    where Uis measured in radians. In this case, Eq. becomes the differential equation for a simple harmonic oscillator,

    The solution to this differential equation is

    As may be verified by direct substitution. Here U and H are arbitrary constants that depend on the initial conditions

    Contd
    The angle is called the maximum amplitude of the motion, and is the displacement of the pendulum from the vertical. The constant H is called the phase constant, and represents where in its motion the pendulum is at time t =0. Time period: Eq. implies that the angular frequency of the motion is since the period , we find the period for small amplitudes to be

    The true period of a pendulum gets longer as the amplitude 0 (width of swing) increases

    Non linear pendulum


    Equation of Motion: When the amplitude is not necessarily small, the angle U from the vertical at any time t is found to be

    where sn( x;k)is a Jacobian elliptic function with modulus k=sin(U 2 )


    0

    The Jacobian elliptic function is one of a number of so-called special functions that often appear in mathematicalphysics. In this case, the function sn( x;k) is defined as a kind of inverse of an integral.

    Contd
    Given the function

    The Jacobian elliptic function is defined as the inverse of u: y=sn(u;k) Values of sn(u;k) may be found in tables of functions or computed by specialized mathematical software libraries.

    PERIOD
    An exact expression for the period is given by

    which is a type of integral known as a complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The integral in the above equation cannot be evaluated in closed form, but it can be expanded into an infinite series.

    The result is

    We can explicitly write out the first few terms of this series; the result is

    If we wish, we can write out a series expansion for the period in another formone which does not involve the sine function, but only involves powers of the amplitude U 0 . To do this, we expand sin(U 0 /2) into a Taylor series:

    Now substitute this series into the series of Eq and collect terms. The result is

    Ratio of True to Small- Angle period

    Contd..
    Ratio of a pendulums true period T to its small-angle period as a function of amplitude U 0 For small amplitudes, this ratio is near . For larger amplitudes, the true period is longer than predicted by the small-angle approximation

    Plot of Period Vs Amplitude


    Shown in Fig. 1 is a plot of the ratio of the pendulums true period T to its small-angle period vs amplitude for values of the amplitude between 0 and 180 As you can see, the ratio is 1 for small amplitudes (as expected), and increasingly deviates from 1 for large amplitudes. The true period will always be longer than the small-angle period

    Angular displacement U for

    Angular displacement U for

    Angular displacement U for

    Angular displacement Ufor

    USAGE OF PENDULUM
    HISTORY: One of the earliest known uses of a pendulum was in the 1st. Century seismometer device of Han Dynasty Chinese scientist Zhang Heng. Its function was to sway and activate one of a series of levers after being disturbed by the tremor of an earthquake far away. Released by a lever, a small ball would fall out of the urn-shaped device into one of eight metal toad's mouths below, at the eight points of the compass, signifying the direction the earthquake was located. Many sources claim that the 10th century Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus used a pendulum for time measurement, but this was an error that originated in 1684 with the British historian Edward Bernard. During the Renaissance large pendulums were used as sources of power for manual reciprocating machines such as saws, bellows, and pumps. Leonardo da Vinci made many drawings of the motion of pendulums, though without realizing its value for timekeeping.

    Foucault pendulum
    The Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation that did not involve celestial observations, and it created a "pendulum mania". In this animation the rate of precession is greatly exaggerated.

    Clock pendulums
    Longcase clock(Grandfather clock) pendulum Mercury pendulum Gridiron pendulum Ellicott pendulum, another temperature compensated type Invar pendulum in low pressure tank in Riefler regulator clock, used as the US time standard

    PENDULUMS USED FOR GRAVITY MESUREMENT


    Kater's pendulum Invariable pendulums Repsold-Bessel pendulum Von Sterneck and Mendenhall gravimeters Double pendulum gravimeters Gulf gravimeter

    Measuring gravity with Kater's reversible pendulum, from Kater's 1818 paper

    Pendulums used in Mendenhall gravimeter, 1890

    Quartz pendulums used in Gulf gravimeter, 1929

    Measuring gravity with an invariable pendulum, Madras, India, 1821

    THANK YOU

    You might also like