Graphics in C language

Lecture on Graphics in C Programming

www.sirjameel.com

Text mode vs Graphics mode of C

Text Mode Graphics Mode

Basic Unit is character

Basic Unit is pixel

80 columns, 50 rows

640 columns, 480 rows

www.sirjameel.com

How to Initialize Graphics Mode

To run any Graphics Program we need graphics.h, graphics.lib,BGI file in Program Folder. We use 640 by 480 VGA Moniter. Initgraph(&grapicsdriver,&graphicsmode,Path) initgraph() :To start the graphics system, you must first call initgraph.

www.sirjameel.com

My First program/drawing a line

#include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> main() { int gd=DETECT, gm; initgraph(&gd, &gm, C:/TC/bgi ); line(0,0,200,200); getch(); closegraph(); }
www.sirjameel.com

www.sirjameel.com

Drawing a Circle
#include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> main() { int gd=DETECT, gm; initgraph(&gd, &gm, C:/TC/bgi ); circle(320,240,100); getch(); closegraph(); }
www.sirjameel.com

circle(320,240,100);
Explanation

A Circle takes a total of 3 arguments. The first two arguments are used to define center of the circle in x and y co-ordinates. Since screen has a size of 640 pixels in x-axis, so 320 is the center of x-axis. And screen has the size of 480 pixels in y-axis, so 240 is the center of y-axis. Third argument of the circle is its radius in pixels. In our example the radius of www.sirjameel.com is 100 pixels. the circle

Some other shapes in graphics.h library.

www.sirjameel.com

arc(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius);

www.sirjameel.com

arc(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius);
Explanation:
Arc is used to draw circular arc Arc takes 5 arguments, all of the int type. First two arguments define the center of the arc to place on the screen. Third and Fourth arguments are starting and ending angles of the arc. Fifth argument is the radius of the arc in pixels.
www.sirjameel.com

arc(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius); arc(320,240,0,180,100);

The above code generates an arc in the mid of the screen, angled from 0 to 180(making a half circle facing downwards), having radius of the 100 pixels.

www.sirjameel.com

arc(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius); arc(320,240,180,0,100);

The above code generates an arc in the mid of the screen, angled from 0 to 180(making a half circle facing upwards), having radius of the 100 pixels.

www.sirjameel.com

ractangle(left, top,right, bottom);

www.sirjameel.com

ractangle(left, top,right, bottom); Explanation:

Rectangle is used to draw an empty rectangle. It takes 4 arguments all of int type. First two arguments are left-top corner of the rectangle, and last two arguments are right bottom corner of the rectangle.

www.sirjameel.com

ractangle(left, top,right, bottom); ractangle(100,100,200, 200);

Output:
(100,100)

(200,200)
www.sirjameel.com

bar(left, top,right, bottom);

www.sirjameel.com

bar(left, top,right, bottom);

Explanation:
bar is used to draw a rectangle filled with given pattern. We use function setfillstyle(Style, Color); to give any of the style/pattern to the bar It takes 4 arguments all of int type. First two arguments are left-top corner of the rectangle, and last two arguments are right bottom corner of the rectangle.
www.sirjameel.com

setfillstyle(STYLE,COLOR);

www.sirjameel.com

setfillstyle(STYLE,COLOR);
Explanation:
The setfillstyle(STYLE,COLOR); sets the fill pattern and color. Total of 13 styles are available to C-Compiler, which are as under:
EMPTY_FILL, SOLID_FILL, LINE_FILL, LTSLASH_FILL, SLASH_FILL, BKSLASH_FILL, LTBKSLASH_FILL, HATCH_FILL, XHATCH_FILL, INTERLEAVE_FILL, WIDE_DOT_FILL, CLOSE_DOT_FILL, USER_FILL.

We can specify the color of the object either by writing directly color name all in CAPITAL LETTERS like RED, GREEN, or by writing a corresponding equillent number of the color, like 0 for BLACK, 1 for BLUE and so on. Similarly the fill pattern can also be replaced by their corresponding numbers, ie 0 for EMPTY_FILL, 1 for SOLID_FILL , and so on.

Hence setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, BLUE); is equall to setfillstyle(1, 1); Both will yield the same result.

www.sirjameel.com

setfillstyle(STYLE,COLOR);
Example1: setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL,BLUE); bar(20,20,100,200);

Example2: setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE); bar(20,20,100,200);

www.sirjameel.com

Similarly try other styles and colors and Enjoy!

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Explanation:
Ellipse is used to draw an elliptical arc. Ellipse takes 6 arguments, all of the int type. First two arguments define the center of the ellipse to place on the screen.(ie x and y co-ordinates) Third and Fourth arguments are starting and ending angles of the ellipse. Fifth argument is the radius of the ellipse in x-axis, and sixth argument is the radius of the ellipse in y-axis.
www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Example1: ellipse(320,240,0,360,50,100);

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Example2: ellipse(320,240,0,360,100,100);

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Example3: ellipse(320,240,0,360,100,50);

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Example4: ellipse(320,240,0,180,100,50);

www.sirjameel.com

ellipse(midx, midy,starting-angle,ending-angle,radius-x, radius-y);

Example5: ellipse(320,240,180,0,100,50);

www.sirjameel.com

fillellipse(midx, midy,radius-x, radius-y);

www.sirjameel.com

fillellipse(midx, midy,radius-x, radius-y);

Explanation:
Fillellipse is used to draw and fill and ellipse with given style and color. Fillellipse takes 4 arguments, all of the int type. First two arguments define the center of the ellipse to place on the screen.(ie x and y co-ordinates) Third argument is the radius of the ellipse in x-axis, and fourth argument is the radius of the ellipse in yaxis.
www.sirjameel.com

fillellipse(midx, midy,radius-x, radius-y);

Example1: setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL,BLUE); Fillelipse(320,240,100,100)

Example2: setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE); Bar(320,240,100,100);

www.sirjameel.com

fillellipse(midx, midy,radius-x, radius-y);

Example3: setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL,BLUE); Fillelipse(320,240,50,100)

Example4: setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE); Bar(320,240,50,100);

www.sirjameel.com

fillellipse(midx, midy,radius-x, radius-y);

Example5: setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL,BLUE); Fillelipse(320,240,100,50)

Example6: setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE); Bar(320,240,100,50);

www.sirjameel.com

Setting font/text Style and Size

settextstyle(Style, Horizontal/Vertical, Size); outtextxy(x-position, y-position, Text)

www.sirjameel.com

settextstyle(Font, Direction, Size); outtextxy(x-position, y-position, Text) Explanation:

Settextstyle sets the Font Style, Direction and size of the Text written in outtextxy function. Available Font Styles in C Compiler are as under:
Font Style DEFAULT_FONT TRIPLEX_FONT SMALL_FONT SANS_SERIF_FONT GOTHIC_FONT Value 0 1 2 3 4 Meaning 8x8 bit-mapped font Stroked triplex font Stroked small font Stroked sans-serif font Stroked gothic font
www.sirjameel.com

settextstyle(Font, Direction, Size); outtextxy(x-position, y-position, Text)

There are two available Directions for settextstyle.

Name HORIZ_DIR VERT_DIR

Value 0 1

Direction Left to Right Bottom to Top

www.sirjameel.com

settextstyle(Font, Direction, Size); outtextxy(x-position, y-position, Text) Example1:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT , HORIZ_DIR,1); outtextxy(320,240, Hello World ); The above code will generate an output Hello World , written in default font/simple font, having horizontal direction, and text size of 1. It will be displayed in the mid of the output window.

www.sirjameel.com

settextstyle(Font, Direction, Size); outtextxy(x-position, y-position, Text) NOTE:

You can also use number value instead of Font name and direction. Hence:
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT , HORIZ_DIR,1); is same as: settextstyle(0 , 0,1);
www.sirjameel.com