Floyd Chapter 1

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach
Thomas L. Floyd
David M. Buchla
Systems, Quantities, and Units

Chapter 1
Ch.1 Summary
Systems
A system is a group of interrelated parts that perform a

specific function.
A system communicates with the outside world via its
inputs and outputs.
An input is the voltage, current or power that is applied to
an electrical circuit to achieve a desired result.
An output is the result obtained from the system after

processing its input(s).
DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Thomas L. Floyd Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Ch.1 Summary
Electrical and Electronic Systems

An electrical system deals with electric power.
Examples:
Residential wiring systems, heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems, and utility lighting systems.
An electronic system deals with signals; changing electrical or
electromagnetic quantities that carry information.
Examples:
Personal computers, smart phones, television systems

Ch.1 Summary
Block Diagrams
A block diagram is a model of a system that represents its
structure in a graphical format using labeled blocks to
represent functions and lines to represent the signal
flow.

Ch.1 Summary
Types of Components
• Passive components
• Active components

Summary
Passive Components
Color bands
Resistance material
•Resistors
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads

Summary
Passive Components
•Capacitors
Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

Summary
Passive Components
•Inductors

Summary
Passive Components
•Transformers

Summary
Active Components
Passive components are used in conjunction with

active components to form an electronic system.
Active components will be the subject of future
courses.
•Transistors
•Integrated Circuits

Ch.1 Summary
Types of Circuits
An electrical circuit must form a complete path from a
power or signal source to a load, and back to the source.
A circuit that forms a complete loop (as described above) is
called a closed circuit.
A circuit that does not form a complete loop is called an open

circuit.
Circuits contain components; devices that alter one or more

electrical characteristics of the power or signal input.

Ch.1 Summary
Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter mm
Meter
Mass Kilogram
Kilogram kg
kg
Time Second
Second ss
Electric Current Ampere
Ampere AA
Temperature Kelvin
Kelvin KK
Luminous intensity Candela
Candela cd
cd
Amount of substance Mole
Mole mol
mol

Summary
Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic
units are derived from the fundamental units.
Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage Volt V
Resistance Ohm 
Power Watt W

Ch.1 Summary
Some Important Electrical Units

Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units
are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a
fundamental unit.
Quantity Unit Symbol These derived

Current Ampere A units are based on
fundamental units
Charge Coulomb C
from the meter-
Voltage Volt V kilogram-second
Resistance Ohm  system and are
called mks units.
Power Watt W

Summary
Some Important Magnetic Units
All magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units.
These units are discussed in Chapter 10.
Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol

Magnetic field intensity H Ampere-turns/meter At/m
Magnetic flux  Weber Wb
Magnetic flux density B Tesla T
Magnetomotive force Fm Ampere-turn At
Permeability  Webers/ampere-turns-meter Wb/At.m
Reluctance R Ampere-turns/weber At/Wb

Summary
Scientific and Engineering Notation
Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and engineering
notation.
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)

Summary
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Ch.1 Summary

Very large and very small numbers are represented
with scientific and engineering notation.
For
Forexample,
example,the
thenumber
numberforty-seven
forty-sevenmillion
millioncan
canbe
bewritten
writtenas
as
47,000,000
47,000,000
Scientific
ScientificNotation
Notation Engineering
EngineeringNotation
Notation
4.7 x 10
4.7 x 10
77
47 x 10
47 x 10
66

Ch.1 Summary

Example
Example Scientific
ScientificNotation
Notation Engineering
EngineeringNotation
Notation
0.000027
0.000027== 2.7 x 10 -5
2.7 x 10-5 27 x 10 -6
27 x 10-6
0.605
0.605== 6.05
6.05xx10
-1
10-1 605
605xx10
-3
10-3
32600
32600== 3.26 x 10 4
3.26 x 104 32.6 x 10 3
32.6 x 103
892,000
892,000== 8.92 x 10 5
8.92 x 105 892 x 103
892 x 103
0.377
0.377== 3.77 x 10 1
3.77 x 101 377 x 103
377 x 103

Ch.1 Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes

Large
Largenumbers
numbers(>1)
(>1)
Can you name P peta 1015

these engineering
metric prefixes and T tera 1012
their meaning?
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103

Ch.1 Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes

Small
Smallnumbers
numbers(<1)
(<1)
Can you name m milli 10-3
these engineering
metric prefixes and  micro 10-6
their meaning?
n nano 10-9
p pico 10-12
f femto 10-15

Ch.1 Summary
Metric Conversions
When converting from one unit to a smaller unit,
move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a
smaller unit means the number must be larger.
Smaller unit
0.47 M = 470 k
Larger number

Ch.1 Summary
Metric Conversions
When converting from one unit to a larger
unit, move the decimal point to the left.
Remember, a larger unit means the number
must be smaller.
Larger unit
10,000 pF = 0.01 F
Smaller number

Ch.1 Summary
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a

metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.
10,000  + 22 k =
10,000  + 22,000  = 32,000 
Alternatively: 10 k + 22 k = 32 k

Ch.1 Summary
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with

different metric prefixes, convert them to the same
prefix first.
200 A + 1.0 mA =
200 A + 1,000 A = 1200 A
Alternatively: 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

Ch.1 Summary
Error, Accuracy and Precision
Experimental
Experimentaluncertainty
uncertaintyisispart
partof
ofall
allmeasurements.
measurements.
Error
Errorisisthe
thedifference
differencebetween
betweenthethetrue
trueororbest
bestaccepted
acceptedvalue
valueand
andthe
themeasured
measuredvalue.
value.
Accuracy
Accuracyisisananindication
indicationofofthe
therange
rangeofoferror
errorininaameasurement.
measurement.
Precision
Precisionisisaameasure
measureofofrepeatability
repeatability
} Error Precise,
but not
accurate.

Ch.1 Summary
Error, Accuracy and Precision
When reporting a measured value, one uncertain
digit may be retained, but other uncertain digits
should be discarded. Normally this is the same
number of digits as in the original measurement.
Assume
Assumetwotwomeasured
measuredquantities
quantitiesare
are10.54
10.54and
and3.92.
3.92.
IfIfthe
thelarger
largerisisdivided
dividedby
bythe
thesmaller,
smaller,the
theanswer
answerisis…
…
2.69
2.69
Why? Because the answer has the same uncertainty
as the original measurement.

Ch.1 Summary
When Is A Digit Considered Significant?

The rules for determining if a specified digit is significant
are:
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point are considered
significant when followed by nonzero digits.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number
may or may not be significant, depending on the measurement.

Ch.1 Summary
Examples
1. Non-zero digits are always considered to be significant.
23.92 has four non-zero digits – they are all significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are never significant.
0.00276 has three zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit. There are
only three significant digits.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

806 has three significant digits.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are
significant.
9.00 has three significant digits.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or
may not be significant depending on the measurement.
4000 does not have a clear number of significant digits.

Ch.1 Summary
Rounding Numbers
Rounding is the process of discarding meaningless digits.
The rules for rounding are:
1. If the dropped digit is greater than 5, increase

the last retained digit by 1.
2. If the dropped digit is less than 5, do not

change the last retained digit.
3. If the dropped digit is 5, increase the last

retained digit if it makes it even, otherwise do
not. This is called the "round-to-even" rule.

Ch.1 Summary
Utility voltages and GFCI

Most laboratory equipment is connected to 120 V rms at the
outlet. Wiring to the outlets generally uses three insulated wires
which are referred to as the “hot” (black or red wire), neutral
(white wire), and safety ground (green wire).
GFCI circuits can detect a Neutral

difference in the hot and Hot
neutral current and trip a Ground
breaker. One outlet on the
circuit will have reset and test
buttons.

Ch.1 Summary
Electrical Safety
Safety is always a concern with electrical circuits.
Knowing the rules and maintaining a safe environment is
everyone’s job. A few important safety suggestions are:
• Do not work alone, or when you are drowsy.

• Do not wear conductive jewelry.
• Know the potential hazards of the equipment you are working on;
check equipment and power cords frequently.
• Avoid all contact with energized circuits; even low voltage circuits.
• Maintain a clean and uncluttered workspace.
• Know the location of power shutoff and fire extinguishers.
• Don’t have food or drinks in the laboratory or work area.

Ch.1 Summary
Key Terms
Engineering
Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-, two-,
notation or three-digit number times a power of ten with an
notation exponent that is a multiple of three.
Exponent
Exponent The number to which a base is raised.
Metric
Metricprefix
prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in
numbers expressed in scientific or engineering
notation.
Power
Powerof
often
ten A numerical representation consisting of a base of
10 and an exponent; the number 10 raised to a
power.
Ch.1 Summary
Key Terms
Scientific
Scientific A system for representing any number as a number
notation between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.
notation
Accuracy
Accuracy An indication of the range of error in a measurement.
Precision
Precision A measure of the repeatability (consistency) of a
series of measurements.
Significant
Significantdigit
digit A digit known to be correct in a number.

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
1. The number 2.59 x 107 is expressed in
a. scientific notation
b. engineering notation
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the
a. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. ampere

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
3. In scientific notation, the number 0.00056 is
expressed as
a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is
expressed as
a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
5. The metric prefix nano means
a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
6. The metric prefix pico means
a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
7. The number 2700 MW equals
a. 2.7 TW
b. 2.7 GW
c. 2.7 kW
d. 2.7 mW

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
8. The number 68 k equals
a. 6.8 x 104 
b. 68, 000 
c. 0.068 M
d. All of the above

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
9. 330 mW + 1.5 W =
a. 331.5 mW
b. 3.35 W
c. 1.533 W
d. 1.83 W

Ch.1 Summary
Quiz
10. Precision is a measurement of
a. the total error in a series of measurements
b. the consistency of a series of measurements
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Ch.1 Summary
Answers
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. b
3. b 8. d
4. d 9. d
5. c 10. b


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DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

Systems, Quantities, and Units

A system is a group of interrelated parts that perform a

An output is the result obtained from the system after

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electrical and Electronic Systems

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Passive components are used in conjunction with

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

A circuit that does not form a complete loop is called an open

Circuits contain components; devices that alter one or more

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Some Important Electrical Units

Quantity Unit Symbol These derived

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Scientific and Engineering Notation

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Scientific and Engineering Notation

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Can you name P peta 1015

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Engineering Metric Prefixes

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

When adding or subtracting numbers with a

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

When adding or subtracting numbers with

Alternatively: 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

When Is A Digit Considered Significant?

1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

1. If the dropped digit is greater than 5, increase

2. If the dropped digit is less than 5, do not

3. If the dropped digit is 5, increase the last

DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems Approach © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Utility voltages and GFCI