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Lecture 6

Biosignals and Systems: lecture 6

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Shereen Elmetwally
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17 views

Lecture 6

Biosignals and Systems: lecture 6

Uploaded by

Shereen Elmetwally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Filters

Basics of Analog Filters


 A filter is an LTI system having a transfer function H(s) and
a specific frequency response:

 The convolution property of the Fourier transform gives that:


x(t) y(t)
h(t)

Therefore,
 Thus, the frequency content of the input, represented by the
Fourier transform X(jω), is changed by the frequency
response H(jω) of the filter so that the output signal with
spectrum Y(jω) only has desirable frequency components.
Basics of Analog Filters
 Passive filters: consist of resistors, capacitors and
inductors.
 Active filters: operational amplifiers with resistors and
capacitors

 The frequency response of the filter is obtained from its


transfer function
.

 Frequency response:
 Magnitude response
 Phase response
Filter Frequency Response
 Magnitude response: is the ratio of output
amplitude to input amplitude, as a function of the
frequency.

 Phase response: is the relationship between


the phase of a sinusoidal input signal and the
output signal. The input signal is considered as
reference with zero phase.
.
Types of Analog Filters
 Analog filters are defined over a continuous range of
frequencies.
 They are classified as:
 low-pass
 high-pass
 band-pass
 band-elimination
(stop-band)

 Analog filter functions are used extensively as prototype


models for designing digital filters.
Phase
 If two identical waveforms are not aligned to each other
along the x-axis, then there is a phase shift.
 The phase of a signal represents a time delay.
x(t-a)
x(t)
 Phase is measured relative to:
 a fixed reference 0 t
a
 fraction of cycle (i.e., ½ cycle delay or full cycle delay)

f = f0
one-second  1 cycle at f 0
delay 2
sec 1

f = 2f0 one-second full cycle at 2f 0


delay
Linear Phase Response
 For an input composite signal composed of f 0, 2f0,
3f0..frequencies:
If a filter causes a constant time delay of 1 sec, it will have
a linear phase response:

phase (cycles)
½1
1
½

f0 2f0 3f0 Frequency


)cycles/sec(

 Time-shifting the signal corresponds to a linear phase


response.
Linear Phase Response
 Linear phase response: is a property of a filter
where the phase response of the filter is a
linear function of frequency.

 The result is that all frequency components of the


input signal are shifted in time (usually delayed) by
the same constant amount (equals the slope of the
linear phase response), which is referred to as the
group delay.
Basic Analog Filters
Example:
Derive expressions for the magnitude
and phase responses of the series RC network.
Solution:

The transfer function is

The magnitude response is

Signals and systems course by Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally


Basic Analog Filters
Example, cont. At half-power point or
The phase response is cutoff frequency:
Magnitude squared |G(jω)|2
drops to half, or |G(jω)|
drops to 1/√2 = 0.7
Sketching magnitude and phase responses versus radian
frequency. Let RC = 1
Magnitude response:
Basic Analog Filters
Example, cont.

Phase response

Signals and systems course by Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally


Basic Analog Filters
 MATLAB code to plot |G(jω)| versus radian
frequency ω:

 MATLAB code to plot the phase angle versus


radian frequency ω:
Low-Pass Analog Filters
 Types:
Butterworth, Chebyshev and Cauer (elliptic) filters.

 High-pass and the other types of filters can be derived from a


basic low-pass filter.

 The first step in filter design is to specify the amplitude-


squared function A2(ω).
2

 The transfer function G(s) of the filter can then be derived


from A2(ω) with the substitution
Low-Pass Analog Filters
Example: Given the amplitude squared function,

Derive a suitable transfer function G(s) of the filter.


Solution:
zeros
poles

This function has zeros at s = j1, -j1, and poles at s = 2, -2 and s


= 3, -3.
N.B. For stability, we select the left half s-plane
poles.
A system is said to be stable if a finite input produces a finite output.
Low-Pass Analog Filters
Solution, cont.
Let

We select the gain constant K such that A(0) = G(0)

and

Therefore,
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
 Its amplitude-squared function is given by:

.where k is the filter order, and ωc is the cutoff (3 dB) frequency


 Cutoff (3dB) frequency is the frequency at which the power level
A2(ω) falls to half its maximum value.
Half-power point
At ωc : 20log*A(ω) = 20 log (1/√2) = -3 dB
 The plot shows the magnitude response

|G(jω)| = A(ω) = sqrt (A2(ω) ).


 The normalized frequency is the

ratio of actual to cutoff frequency


ωnorm = ω/ ωc
At ω = ωc  ωnorm = 1
ω/ ωc
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
 All Butterworth filters have the property that all
poles of their transfer functions lie on a
circumference of a circle of radius ωc, and are
2π/2k radians apart.

 For filter order k = 3:


ωc
Poles are spaced by 2π/6 rad = 60 o
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
Example: Derive the transfer function for the third order (k = 3)
Butterworth low-pass filter with normalized cutoff frequency
ωc = 1 rad/sec.
Solution: With k = 3, and ωc = 1 rad/sec

With the substitution, ω2= -s2

Then, the poles are

N.B. The nth roots of a complex


number are found as follows:
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
 Thus,

 The transfer function is formed with the


left half-plane poles s3, s4, and s5.

 The gain is found from A(0) = 1 and G(0) = K.


Thus, K = 1
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
 The general form of the transfer function of Butterworth analog
low-pass is:

 Table shows the first through the fifth order coefficients for
Butterworth analog low-pass filter denominator polynomials with
normalized cutoff frequency ωc = 1 rad/sec.

Signals and systems course by Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally


Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
Normalized transfer function

 If actual cutoff frequency ωactual ≠ 1 rad/sec, we must scale the


normalized transfer function appropriately:

 Since normalized cutoff frequency ωnorm = 1 rad/sec, we


replace s with s/ ωactual
Design of Butterworth Analog
Low-Pass Filters
Example:
Derive the transfer function of a fourth order Butterworth low-
pass analog filter with pass-band bandwidth of 5 rad/sec.
Solution:
 The normalized transfer function of a fourth order Butterworth

low-pass filter is:

since actual ωc= 5 rad/sec , we replace s with s / 5

Signals and systems course by Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally


Using MATLAB in the Design of
Butterworth Analog Low-Pass Filters
 MATLAB buttap function: can be used in the
design of Butterworth filters with the cutoff
frequency normalized to 1 rad/sec.

 MATLAB bode function: is used to display


both the (asymptotic) magnitude and phase
plots.
Using MATLAB in the Design of
Butterworth Analog Low-Pass Filters
 The following code will produce the Bode magnitude and
phase plots for a two-pole Butterworth low-pass filter.

-3 dB

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