INFO 0107

INTRODUCTION TO
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Module 6 – Telecommunications, The Internet &
Wireless Technologies
 Module Objectives
 What are the principal components of telecommunications
networks and key networking technologies?
 What are the different types of networks?
 How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do
they support communication and e-business?
 What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless
networking, communication, and Internet access?

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Components of
Telecommunications Networks
 Telecommunication networks facilitate rapid communication with
Customers, Suppliers and Employees.
 Supported in the past via two different types of networks
• Telephone Networks
• Computer Networks

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What Is a Computer Network?

 Two or more connected computers

 Major components in simple network
• Client and server computers
• Network interfaces (NICs)
• Connection medium
• Network operating system (NOS)
• Hubs, switches, routers
 Software-defined networking (SDN)
• Functions of switches and routers managed by central program
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What Is a Computer
Network? - Cont.

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Networks in Large Companies
 Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firm-wide
corporate network
 Various powerful servers
• Website, corporate intranet, extranet
• Backend systems
 Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
 Videoconferencing system
 Telephone network, wireless cell phones

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Networks in Large Companies - Cont.

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Key Digital Networking Technologies
 Digital Networks and the Internet based on three key
technologies:
• Client/Server Computing
• Packet Switching
• Communication Standards (Protocols)

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Key Digital Networking
Technologies - Cont.
Client/server computing
 Distributed computing model
 Clients linked through network controlled by network server
computer
 Server sets rules of communication for network and provides
every client with an address so others can find it on the network
 Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing
 The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing

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Key Digital Networking
Technologies - Cont.
Packet Switching
 Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets),
sending packets along different communication paths as they
become available, and then reassembling packets at destination
 Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of
complete point-to-point circuit
 Packet switching more efficient use of network’s
communications capacity

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Key Digital Networking Technologies - Cont.

Packet 11
Key Digital Networking Technologies -
Cont.

TCP/IP and connectivity

 Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information between
two points
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Common worldwide standard that is basis for the Internet
 Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP
• Four layers
o Application layer
o Transport layer
o Internet layer
o Network interface layer 12
Key Digital Networking
Technologies - Cont.

TCP/IP Reference
Model

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Types of Networks
 Signals: Digital versus analog
• Modem: translates digital signals into analog form (and vice
versa)
 Types of networks
• Local area networks (LANs)
o Ethernet
o Client/server vs. peer-to-peer
• Wide area networks (WANs)
• Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
• Campus area networks (CANs)
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Types of Networks – Cont.

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Types of Networks – Cont.

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Types of Networks – Cont.

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Functions of the Modem
 A computer will send digital waves as 0s and 1s to a modem
 From there it is transmitted as analog (curved) waves to:
• Telephones lines
• Cable systems
• Wireless media
• Analog devices etc.

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Transmission Media and
Transmission Speed

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Wireless Computer Networks & Internet
Access

 Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10m area
• Useful for personal networking (PANs) and in business to
transmit data from hand-held devices to other transmitters
 Wi Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n
• Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: Device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
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What is the Internet?
 World’s most extensive network
 Internet service providers (ISPs)
• Provide connections
• Types of Internet connections
o Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
o Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps – 40 Mbps
o Cable Internet connections: 1 – 50 Mbps
o Satellite
o T1/T3 lines: 1.54 – 45 Mbps
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Internet Addressing and
Architecture
 Each device on Internet assigned Internet Protocol (IP) address
• 32-bit number, e.g., 207.46.250.119
• The Domain Name System (DNS)
o Converts IP addresses to domain names
o Hierarchical structure
o Top-level domains

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Domain Name System (DNS)
 Domain Name user friendly representation of the octet based
numeric IP address.
 DNS converts domain names to IP addresses.
 DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses
mapped to their corresponding domain names.

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Domain Name System (DNS)
– Cont.

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Internet Architecture and
Governance
 Network service providers
• Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks)
 Regional telephone and cable TV companies
• Provide regional and local access
 Professional organizations and government bodies establish
Internet standards
• IAB
• ICANN
• W3C 25
Internet Architecture and
Governance – Cont.

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Internet Addressing
 Arpanet laid the foundation for todays networked world
 Was not originally designed to handle transmission of massive
quantities of data and billions of connected users.
 Available IP addresses using the old addressing convention (IPv4)
not enough to sustain the sheer Internet population growth
 Old addressing system replaced by new version IPv6
• Contains 128 bit addresses or more than a quadrillion possible
unique addresses
• IPv6 is not compatible with the existing Internet addressing system
transition will take years
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The Future Internet: IPv6 and
Internet 2
IPv6
 New addressing scheme for IP numbers
 Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses
 Not compatible with current IPv5 addressing

Internet2
 Advanced networking consortium
• Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions
• Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network
• Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet 28
Internet Services and Communication
Tools
 Internet services
• E-mail
• Chatting and instant messaging
• Newsgroups
• Telnet
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• World Wide Web
 Voice over IP(VoIP)
• Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching 29
Internet Services and Communication
Tools – Cont.

 Unified communications
• Communications systems that integrate voice, data, e-mail,
conferencing
 Virtual private network (VPN)
• Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
• PPTP
• Tunneling

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Internet Services and Communication
Tools – Cont.

VoIP

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Internet Services and Communication
Tools – Cont.

Client/Server Services over the 32

Interactive Session: Management:
Monitoring Employees on Networks:
Unethical or Good Business?
Class discussion
 Should managers monitor employee e-mail and Internet
usage? Why or why not?
 Describe an effective e-mail and web use policy for a company.
 Should managers inform employees that their web behavior is
being monitored? Or should managers monitor secretly? Why
or why not?

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The Web
 Hypertext
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• Uniform resource locator (URL):
o http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
 Web servers
• Software for locating and managing web pages

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Searching for Information
on the Web
 Mobile search
 Semantic search
 Social search
 Visual search
 Intelligent agent shopping bots
 Search engine marketing
 Search engine optimization (SEO)

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Searching for Information
on the Web – Cont.

Top Web Search

Engines

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Searching for Information
on the Web – Cont.

How Google
works

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The Future Web
 More tools to make sense of trillions of pages on the Internet
 Pervasive web
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Internet of People
 App Internet
 Increased cloud computing and SaaS
 Ubiquitous mobile connectivity
 Greater seamlessness of web as a whole
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Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access
 Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10-meter area using low-power, radio-
based communication
• Useful for personal networking (PANs)
 • Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11
• Used for wireless L A N and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
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Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access – Cont.
• Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to provide
maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
• Weak security features
 WiMax (802.16)
• Wireless access range of 31 miles
• Require WiMax antennas

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Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access – Cont.

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Wireless Computer Networks and
Internet Access – Cont.

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Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
 Use tiny tags with microchips containing data about an item
and location
 Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to
special RFID readers
 Common uses:
• Automated toll-collection
• Tracking goods in a supply chain
 Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms

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Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) – Cont.

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Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs)
 Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless
devices
 Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous substances
in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military
activity
 Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency
sensors and antennas
 Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure
in the field without maintenance
 Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things” 45
Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs) – Cont.

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Key Takeaways
 The networking revolution has completely changed how
personal computers are used.
 Data communication networks transmit digital data from one
computer to another computer using a variety of wired and
wireless communication channels.
 One such network, the internet, is an immense global network
of smaller interconnected networks linking millions of
computers.
 By connecting paying subscribers into the Internet
infrastructure, a company called an internet service provider
provides services, such as e-mail, and online access. 47
Key Takeaways – Cont.
 The World Wide Web (“the Web”), is a subsystem of computers that
can be accessed by means of a special protocol known as hypertext
transfer protocol (HTTP).
 Though the web couldn’t exist without the Internet, it’s the web that
provides such multimedia material as pictures, sounds, and
streaming videos.
 The use of intranets and extranets has allowed organizations to
deploy functionality to employees and business partners alike,
increasing efficiencies and improving communications.
 Businesses use the Internet for four purposes: presenting
information, selling products, acquiring goods and services, and
distributing digital products. 48
References
 Laudon & Laudon (2016): Management Information Systems :
Managing the Digital Firm. Chapter 7

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Thank you
Kerry-Ann Xavier
kerry-ann.xavier@roytec.edu