WATER PURIFICATION:-

METHODS TO PURIFY
By Team 1:
Captain-Bhavaneeth
Team members:-
Arokiya Vibin
Arun Kandan
Ashfaq Lathif
Darshan Ram
 SHIKSHAA PUBLIC
SCHOOL
CHROMPET,CHENNAI-
64

DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMISTRY
This is to certify that ______________________ of class ______ has performed
_____________________ during the year 2022-2023 and his/her project
report is certified as Bonafide.
Date: _____________ Head of
___________________
Department Chemistry Submitted for All India Secondary School
Examination 2023 (Practical Examination) in English at SHIKSHAA
PUBLIC SCHOOL on _______________.
__________________
___________________
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Date _________
 CERTIFICATE

This is to clarify that J.Ashfaq Lathif of

class 11 has completed an investigatory
project on chemistry entitled “ Methods
of Water Purification ”.
It’s prepared by me under the guidance of my
chemistry teacher ”Mrs.Vaishnavee”.

Signature: Signature:
[Chemistry [principal]
Teacher]
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to all the people
who have helped me to successfully complete my
project.
Firstly, I would like to express heartfelt
gratitude to CBSE for giving such a wonderful
opportunity to create a project and gain
knowledgeable topic.
Secondly, I would like to thank to our principal
of our school Mr.J.UMAMAHESWARI for giving us her
wonderful support and motivation to complete the
project successfully.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my Chemistry
teacher Mrs. VAISHNAVEE who helped me in
completing this project successfully.
And finally, I would like to thank all my
teachers, my parents and my friends who had been
very supportive to me and for which this project has
become such a successful one.
THANK YOU.
 CONTENT
BONAFIDE PAGE NO:2
CERTIFICATE PAGE NO:3
PAGE NO:4
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
TOPIC PAGE NO:6
INTRODUCTION PAGE NO:7-8
SOURCES OF PAGE NO:9-10
WATER
VARIOUS METHODS PAGE NO:11-
OF WATER 16
PURIFICATION
BENEFITS OF PAGE NO:17-
WATER 18
PURIFICATION
 TOPIC
METHODS OF S
WATER
PURIFICATION

IMPORTANCE OF WATER
PURIFICATION
 INTRODUCTION
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable
chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and
gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce
water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for
human consumption (drinking water), but water
purification may also be designed for a variety of other
purposes, including meeting the requirements of
medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial
applications. In general, the methods used include
physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and
distillation, biological processes such as filters or
biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination and the use of
electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The
purification process of water may reduce the
concentration of particulate matter including suspended
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by
governments or by international standards. These standards will
typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants for
the use that is to be made of the water. It is not possible to tell whether
water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple
procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated filter are
not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be
present in water from an unknown source. Even natural spring -
considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century - must now
be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed.
Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way
to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate
method of purification. According to a 2007 World Health Organization
(WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking
water supply, 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal
disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and
hygiene, and 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year.
The WHO estimates that 94 percent of these diarrheal cases are
preventable through modifications to the environment, including access
to safe water. Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as
chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe
containers could save a huge number of lives each year. Reducing deaths
from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing
countries.
 SOURCES OF
WATER
1.GROUNDWATER: The water emerging from some deep ground
water may have fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of
years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a
high degree of clarity and often it does not require additional
treatment other than adding chlorine or chloramines or chloramines
as secondary disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs,
artesian, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground
water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic
bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the
water may be rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the strata
through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present
including chloride, and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to
reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it
acceptable for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Primary
disinfection may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is
practised (a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to
store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of
drought), the groundwater may require additional treatment
depending on applicable state and federal regulation
2. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters
of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human
habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the
opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are
usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where
uplands are forested or peaty , humic acids can colour the water. Many
upland sources have low pH which require adjustment.
3. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters
will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae,
suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents.
4. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide
high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling
the air and thus condensing water vapour.
5. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from
the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry
seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little
rain.
6. Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis.
7. Surface Water: Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere
and are not designated as groundwater are classified in the USA for
regulatory and water purification purposes as surface water .
 VARIOUS METHODS OF
WATER PURIFICATION
1.BOILING: Boiling water is used as a method of
making it potable by killing microbes and viruses that may
be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to
heat varies, but if water is held at 100 °C (212°F) for one
minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are in
activated. In places having proper water purification
system, it is recommended only as an emergency
treatment method or for obtaining potable water in the
wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove chemical
toxins or impurities. The traditional advice of boiling
water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since
microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater
than 60° (140°F) and bringing it to its boiling point is also
a useful indication, the water is disinfected.
2.FILTRATION: In the water industry, clarified water is the goal of the filtering. It is
primarily used for storm water, wastewater, and drinking water applications, but it also
has uses in industrial manufacturing, power plants, food and beverage production
facilities, mining and other heavy-duty applications. Water filtration can remove or
reduce the concentration of suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses,
fungi, and more chemical and biological contaminants. In order for water to be filtered,
it can only pass through the filter medium if some driving force is applied, which may
be caused by gravity, centrifugation, application of pressure on the fluid above the
filter, or other processes that use pumps, valves and pipes to produce enough pressure
to push the water through the filter.
3.REVERSE OSMOSIS: Reverse Osmosis is a water purification process that
uses a semi- permeable membrane to filter out unwanted molecules and large
particles such as contaminants and sediments like chlorine, salt, and dirt from
drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome the
osmotic pressure and push the water from high concentration to low
concentration of contaminants. This means it's being forced in reverse and the
contaminated water is trying to move into the pure water, but because it must
pass through a filter first, the contaminants get trapped and only the pure water
passes through resulting in the cleanest possible drinking water . Reverse
osmosis differs from carbon filtration in that it can rid the water of up to 99% of
all contaminants and sediments, or particles as small as 1 micron. It would be
best to get a reverse osmosis filtration system to safeguard that your water is
contaminant-free.
4.WATER CHLORINATION: Water chlorination is the
process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as
sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill
bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular,
chlorination is used to prevent the spread of water borne
diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. As a
halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is
added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing
pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses and protozoans, that
commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of
water mains and in storage tank. As a strong oxidizing agent,
chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules. Chlorine
and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid are not charged
and therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface
of pathogens. It is also to disintegrate the lipids that compose
the cell wall and react with intracellular enzymes and
proteins, making them non-functional. Microorganisms then
either die or are no longer able to multiply.
5.UV WATER PURIFICATION: Water chlorination is the
process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as
sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill
bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular,
chlorination is used to prevent the spread of water borne
diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. As a
halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is
added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing
pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses and protozoans, that
commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of
water mains and in storage tank. As a strong oxidizing agent,
chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules. Chlorine
and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid are not charged
and therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface
of pathogens. It is also to disintegrate the lipids that compose
the cell wall and react with intracellular enzymes and
proteins, making them non-functional. Microorganisms then
either die or are no longer able to multiply.
6.OZONE DISINFECTION: Ozone disinfection Ozone is an unstable
molecule which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful
oxidizing agent which is toxic to most waterborne organisms. It is a very
strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe. It is an
effective method to inactivate harmful protozoa that form cysts. It also
works well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made by passing
oxygen through ultraviolet light or a "cold" electrical discharge. To use
ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on-site and added to the water
by bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone include the production
of fewer dangerous by-products and the absence of taste and odour
problems (in comparison to chlorination). Although fewer by-products are
formed by ozonation, it has been discovered that ozone reacts with
bromide ions in water to produce concentrations of the suspected
carcinogen bromated. Bromide can be found in fresh water supplies in
sufficient concentrations to produce (after ozonation) more than 10 ppb of
bromate the maximum contaminant level established by the USEPA.
Another advantage of ozone is that it leaves no residual disinfectant in the
water. Ozone has been used in drinking water plants since 1906 where the
first industrial ozonation plant was built in Nice, France. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration has accepted ozone as being safe; and it is applied as
an anti-microbiological agent for the treatment, storage, and processing of
foods.
7.SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION: One low-cost method
of disinfecting water that can often be implemented with locally
available materials is solar disinfection (SODIS). Unlike methods
that rely on firewood, it has low impact on the environment. One
recent study has found that the wild Salmonella which would
reproduce quickly during subsequent dark storage of solar-
disinfected water could be controlled by the addition of just 10
parts per million of hydrogen peroxide.
8.DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION CYCLE: When particles
to be removed do not settle out of solution easily, dissolved air
flotation (DAF) is often used. Water supplies that are particularly
vulnerable to unicellular algae blooms and supplies with low
turbidity and high colour often employ DAF. After coagulation
and flocculation processes, water flows to DAF tanks where air
diffusers on the tank bottom create fine bubbles that attach to
floc resulting in a floating mass of concentrated floc. The floating
floc blanket is removed from the surface and clarified water is
withdrawn from the bottom of the DAF tank.
BENEFITS OF WATER PURIFICATION
Purification of water offers several advantages,
primarily focused on ensuring that water is safe and
suitable for various purposes, including drinking,
cooking, and industrial processes. Some of the key
advantages of water purification include:
1. Removal of Contaminants: Water
purification processes effectively remove
contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, parasites,
algae, fungi, minerals, and other impurities. This
ensures that the water is safe for consumption and
does not pose health risks.
2. Disease Prevention: Purifying water helps prevent
waterborne diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
Access to clean water is crucial for public health, reducing the spread
of waterborne illnesses such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
3. Improved Taste and Odour: Purification processes can
enhance the taste and odour of water by eliminating unpleasant
substances. This makes the water more palatable, encouraging
increased consumption and promoting overall hydration cycle
4. Protection of Ecosystems: Purification helps protect
natural ecosystems by preventing the introduction of harmful
pollutants and chemicals into water bodies. This is essential for
maintaining the health of aquatic environments and preserving
biodiversity.
5. Prevention of Waterborne Chemical Contamination:
Water purification removes or reduces the concentration of chemical
pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial
chemicals. This is vital for preventing the adverse health effects
associated with exposure to these contaminants.
 CONCLUSION
We can conclude from the project that there
are various methods of purification of water.
Today, we know that water is
present everywhere on earth in different
forms but due to human activities water is
being polluted day by day not only that about
97% of earths water is in oceans which is not
suitable for drinking or any other purpose.
So, there is very small volume of water is left,
to utilise that humans are using best ways to
purify it. And in present time humans are
capable to purify water and all the methods
to purify it are mentioned in the project.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

→ Youtube.com

https://www.sciencedirect.com

https://www.sciencebuddies.org

https://atlas-scientific.com
THANK YOU